The global shift toward renewable energy is accelerating as nations seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address the urgent threat of climate change. Solar, wind, and hydropower have emerged as the primary sources driving this transformation, offering cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.
One major advantage of renewable energy is its long-term sustainability. Unlike coal or oil, renewable resources are naturally replenished. Additionally, advances in battery storage technology are helping to overcome one of the sector’s main limitations—intermittency. By storing excess energy generated on sunny or windy days, power grids can deliver a stable supply even during periods of low generation.
However, the transition is not without obstacles. Building renewable infrastructure requires significant investment, and some communities resist projects due to concerns over land use or visual impact. Furthermore, countries that depend heavily on fossil fuel exports face economic challenges in shifting their energy systems.
Despite these issues, the cost of renewable energy has dropped significantly over the past decade, making it increasingly competitive with traditional energy sources. With continued innovation and international cooperation, a cleaner energy future is within reach.
It can be inferred that renewable energy adoption will likely…

Urban farming, once considered a niche hobby, has evolved into a significant movement addressing food security and environmental concerns. From rooftop gardens to vertical farms inside abandoned warehouses, cities are turning unused spaces into productive agricultural hubs. This trend is not only about producing food but also about rethinking how cities interact with nature.
Proponents argue that urban farming reduces the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from rural areas to urban markets. Fresh produce grown within city limits can be delivered quickly to consumers, preserving nutritional quality and minimizing waste. Moreover, these green spaces can improve air quality, reduce urban heat, and even foster community engagement.
However, critics question whether urban farming can produce food on a scale large enough to feed dense populations. They also raise concerns about high startup costs, especially for technologically advanced farms that rely on artificial lighting and climate control systems. Despite these challenges, success stories from cities like Singapore, Tokyo, and New York demonstrate that with innovation and policy support, urban farming can be both viable and profitable.
As global populations increasingly concentrate in cities, the ability to grow food locally may become not just an option, but a necessity for sustainable urban living.
The word “viable” is closest in meaning to…

Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock, gases, and ash can escape from below the crust. Magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface, rises through cracks and erupts as lava, often accompanied by clouds of ash and gas. Volcanoes are usually found along tectonic plate boundaries, where plates move toward or away from each other. However, some volcanoes also appear in the middle of tectonic plates due to hotspots.
Volcanology, the scientific study of volcanoes, helps scientists understand why eruptions occur and predict their possible effects. Though minor eruptions happen frequently around the world, major volcanic eruptions are rare but can cause significant loss of life and destruction of property. Studying past eruptions provides valuable insight into patterns and potential hazards, which can save communities from disaster.
What is the author’s attitude towards the topic of the passage?

Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock, gases, and ash can escape from below the crust. Magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface, rises through cracks and erupts as lava, often accompanied by clouds of ash and gas. Volcanoes are usually found along tectonic plate boundaries, where plates move toward or away from each other. However, some volcanoes also appear in the middle of tectonic plates due to hotspots.
Volcanology, the scientific study of volcanoes, helps scientists understand why eruptions occur and predict their possible effects. Though minor eruptions happen frequently around the world, major volcanic eruptions are rare but can cause significant loss of life and destruction of property. Studying past eruptions provides valuable insight into patterns and potential hazards, which can save communities from disaster.
What happens when magma reaches the Earth’s surface?

Protecting Consumers from Counterfeit Products During Online Shopping
As online shopping continues to grow, government agencies are working to protect consumers from counterfeit products that may pose serious safety risks. The Consumer Safety and Protection Office (CSPO) has introduced a new online shopping guide, offering tips on identifying fake products, protecting personal and financial information, and recognizing suspicious websites. The guide also includes videos, infographics, and checklists for safer shopping.
Buying counterfeit goods can be dangerous. Fake electronics may overheat, toy products can break easily causing injury, and counterfeit cosmetics may contain harmful chemicals. Additionally, fraudulent websites can steal customers’ data, leading to financial loss and identity theft. Online marketplaces are especially vulnerable to these scams, as unscrupulous sellers can hide behind anonymity.
The CSPO collaborates with federal and private partners to prevent the sale and distribution of counterfeit products. By monitoring websites, social media, and online marketplaces, the CSPO aims to safeguard U.S. consumers and businesses while ensuring the integrity of intellectual property rights. These efforts help minimize economic losses and protect public health by preventing hazardous products from entering the market.
The ideas in the passage may be best summarized as …

Operation Husky: The Invasion of Sicily
Operation Husky was a major World War II campaign that aimed to secure the island of Sicily from Axis forces. On July 9, 1943, Allied troops, including American, British, and Canadian forces, landed along the southern coast of Sicily. The Italian and German defenders were prepared, and the landings were met with resistance, though Allied air superiority helped reduce enemy effectiveness.
The Axis forces, led by General Alfredo Guzzoni for Italy and General Hans-Valentin Hube for Germany, had fortified key positions along the beaches and inland routes. Despite initial strong resistance, the Allies gradually advanced, capturing key towns and ports. The difficult terrain, including hills and narrow roads, posed challenges for the advancing forces, and several engagements resulted in casualties on both sides.
After several weeks of fighting, the Allies succeeded in securing most of Sicily, leading to the collapse of Italian resistance on the island and opening the way for the Allied invasion of mainland Italy. Operation Husky demonstrated the importance of combined land, air, and naval operations and highlighted the challenges of amphibious assaults on fortified positions.
Right after the Axis forces prepared for the defense of Sicily, they …

Social media algorithms, introduced by Facebook in 2009, have revolutionized how we interact online, yet they present challenges akin to unruly teenagers, amplifying harmful content and disinformation. Governments worldwide are trying to curb these excesses: Brazil temporarily banned X (formerly Twitter), the EU threatened tech firms with fines for election interference, the UK introduced an online safety act, and the US proposed a TikTok ban.

Critics argue these actions threaten free speech, reminiscent of John Perry Barlow’s 1996 essay urging governments to stay out of cyberspace. Free speech advocates like Adam Candeub, a former advisor to President Trump, fear government control but also criticize social media’s polarizing effect, exacerbated by algorithms. Candeub believes in a “marketplace of ideas where speech should compete freely, but others, like Yale lecturer Asha Rangappa, argue that algorithms distort this marketplace, giving preference to sensational content rather than fostering democratic debate.

Early social media functioned as a public sphere, but today, algorithms decide what users see, often amplifying controversial topics for engagement. This skews public discourse, misrepresenting majority opinions and exaggerating discord. Although platforms like Facebook claim they don’t block content, their algorithms shape what people see, making “free speech” more about reach than expression. Critics argue this severs the direct link between speakers and audiences, shifting control from individuals to algorithms.

In what is now called the “algorithmic society,” platforms and search engines wield influence aver speech, akin to how nation-states once governed it. Legal scholars argue that current free speech protections are insufficient, as social media platforms play an active role in shaping public discourse. Algorithm transparency is proposed as a solution, but there is no neutral way to design social media.

Efforts to mitigate algorithmic control, such as chronological feeds, have limitations. Yet platforms like X now offer users the option to curate their own content. Francis Fukuyama suggests “middleware” as a third solution, allowing users more control over what they see by using independent content filters.

As social media matures, control might shift from tech companies and politicians to users. A growing number of people now prefer closed, private group chats over public sharing, signaling a desire for more accountable, less sensationalized online spaces. The future of algorithms could lie with the people, not big tech.

Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8e4p4297eo
What is the main function of the second paragraph in relation to the first?

Social media algorithms, introduced by Facebook in 2009, have revolutionized how we interact online, yet they present challenges akin to unruly teenagers, amplifying harmful content and disinformation. Governments worldwide are trying to curb these excesses: Brazil temporarily banned X (formerly Twitter), the EU threatened tech firms with fines for election interference, the UK introduced an online safety act, and the US proposed a TikTok ban.

Critics argue these actions threaten free speech, reminiscent of John Perry Barlow’s 1996 essay urging governments to stay out of cyberspace. Free speech advocates like Adam Candeub, a former advisor to President Trump, fear government control but also criticize social media’s polarizing effect, exacerbated by algorithms. Candeub believes in a “marketplace of ideas where speech should compete freely, but others, like Yale lecturer Asha Rangappa, argue that algorithms distort this marketplace, giving preference to sensational content rather than fostering democratic debate.

Early social media functioned as a public sphere, but today, algorithms decide what users see, often amplifying controversial topics for engagement. This skews public discourse, misrepresenting majority opinions and exaggerating discord. Although platforms like Facebook claim they don’t block content, their algorithms shape what people see, making “free speech” more about reach than expression. Critics argue this severs the direct link between speakers and audiences, shifting control from individuals to algorithms.

In what is now called the “algorithmic society,” platforms and search engines wield influence aver speech, akin to how nation-states once governed it. Legal scholars argue that current free speech protections are insufficient, as social media platforms play an active role in shaping public discourse. Algorithm transparency is proposed as a solution, but there is no neutral way to design social media.

Efforts to mitigate algorithmic control, such as chronological feeds, have limitations. Yet platforms like X now offer users the option to curate their own content. Francis Fukuyama suggests “middleware” as a third solution, allowing users more control over what they see by using independent content filters.

As social media matures, control might shift from tech companies and politicians to users. A growing number of people now prefer closed, private group chats over public sharing, signaling a desire for more accountable, less sensationalized online spaces. The future of algorithms could lie with the people, not big tech.

Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8e4p4297eo
Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward the topic?

The sun is an incredible and renewable resource that has the power to fuel life on earth and provide clean, sustainable energy to all of its inhabitants. In fact, more energy from the sun reaches our planet in one hour than is used by the entire population of the world in one year. The sun’s energy can be converted into electricity through solar photovoltaic (PV) modules (photo = light, voltaic electricity).

PV modules absorb sunlight and convert the energy into a usable form of electrical current. The sun shines all over the world, making solar electricity viable anywhere. Because solar can be paired with batteries for energy storage, solar electric systems can be independent of the utility grid, making them cost-effective for remote locations. Solar modules have no moving parts making maintenance costs low, and they are highly reliable with a long service life of 25+ years of guaranteed electricity. Solar electricity relies on the sun as its fuel source, so there is no need to drill for petroleum-based fuels, refine them, or deliver them to the site. As you can see, there are a lot of advantages of solar energy.

The design and installation of PV systems on a large scale enable us to move away from other polluting and unsustainable energy sources. Since the solar industry is growing, that means that the need for skilled workers is also growing!

Remote Energy (RE) is a 501 (c)(3) for-impact organization that trains women and men worldwide to harness the power of the sun and develop the technical PV design and installation skills required to bring clean power and positive change to their communities. Technician training programs provide the growing workforce with the practical skills needed to be competent and competitive. Solar educator training programs empower local trainers with curriculum, mentorship opportunities, and the skills needed to meet current, regional training requirements.
In fact, solar produces ….. energy than used by people need’s in hours.

Text 1

The arrival of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s changed the nature of tech toys and education hardware and software. Smart Toy Lab, an Intel and Mattel joint venture launched in 1998, developed the first web-connected interactive toys, or “smart toys.” Among the first toys the lab developed were the QX3 Microscope, which featured a built-in video camera that sent images to a PC via a USB link, and the Me2Cam, which let children play interactive games using gestures to move “objects” on the screen. Some early internet-connected toys and educational devices were criticized for violating children’s privacy by collecting personal information without parental consent. For example. Hello Barbie was released in 2015 and featured a built-in microphone and voice recognition software, as well as a Wi-Fi connection. The doll’s call-and-response function was a precursor to Amazon’s Alexa/Echo and Apple’s Siri voice assistants. However, hackers soon figured out how to break into the toy’s system and access users private information. Today many children from toddlers to teenagers regularly use tablets, smartphones, and virtual environments for entertainment and educational purposes. Pandemic-related restrictions have increased children’s reliance on these and other technologies to connect with the outside world. With increased use of these products comes heightened prospects of damage and abuse.

Text 2

sourse testine meryville edublog/children-and technology

Children are especially susceptible to tech-nology overuse. The American Psychological Association (APA) recommends limiting the use of technology to one hour per day of high-quality programming for children ages 2 to 5. For children ages 6 and up, it’s most important to set consistent limits on various types of media, such as gaming devices and smartphones. APA suggests that parents focus on the content on children’s screens and how the children are interacting with it. A survey of research on the possible negative effects of technology on children establishes a connection between the level of a child’s use of technology and various developmental and behavior problems such as lack of attention, aggressive behaviors, obesity, physical inactivity, sleep problems, musculoskeletal problems related to a sedentary lifestyle, greater risk of lifetime obesity and cardiovascular disease, sleep disturbances, and poor-quality sleep for children who overuse social media or keep mobile devices in their bedroom.
According to Text 1, a number of internet connected toys and educational devices received criticisms because…

Rock weathering is a process of weakening and breaking down of rocks and minerals. Both non-living elements, such as variations in temperature, flora and fauna, acids, salts, and liquid or solid water, can cause this. Rocks on the Earth’s surface tend to weather faster than those underground. Weathering is one of the processes that lead to soil production.

Different types of weathering affect rocks. These consist of chemical weathering, biological weathering, and physical or mechanical weathering. The process of physical weathering essentially fragments. rocks. Freezing and thawing water is one way that physical deterioration occurs. Water may easily pass through any pores or fissures in rocks while it is liquid. The water will expand inside those rocks if it freezes.

A weathering process known as honeycomb weathering can be triggered by salt. By capillary action, groundwater pours into rock pores and finally evaporates. This produces crystals of salt, which raise the pressure within rocks. The rocks will eventually break. This may leave behind honeycomb-like salt crystal pits. In dry areas, salt crystallization weathering is frequently observed.
Extremes in temperature can also have an impact on how rocks weather. Thermal stress is one term for one kind of physical weathering process. This is a typical feature of desert regions, where overnight lows can be relatively chilly and midday highs can be extremely hot. Over time, rocks that experience frequent extreme temperature swings will eventually fracture and flake, the process known as exfoliation.

TEXT 2

The deterioration and corrosion of racks, metal, and man-made materials is known as weathering. Chemical and physical weathering are the two primary categories. Acid rain is one instance of chemical weathering for rocks. Scientists believe that rock weathering can play important role in preventing global warming by controlling the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. The elements contained in volcanic rocks react with water or air in the atmosphere and absorb carbon.

Natural rock weathering process can take millions of years, making it too slow to counteract global warming. However, rock weathering accelerates when the rock is crushed into fine dust. It is distributed throughout croplands worldwide. This enhanced rock weathering has the potential to store 215 billion tons of carbon dioxide aver the course of the next 75 years, according to previous study.

Researchers from University of California applied crushed rock, both metabasalt and olivine, on 5 acres of a fallowed confield in the Sacramento valley. In comparison to plots without crushed rock, they discover that during the study, the crushed rock plots stored 0.15 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare. If this amount of carbon was removed across California cropland, it would equivalent to taking 350,000 cars off the road per year.

It appears that many hardworking researchers are now looking for answers to how process of rock weathering occurs in dry areas.
It is known that dry lands cover 41% of earth/stotal area, and they are growing as a result of climate change. This according to some prominent researchers, makes it even more crucial into Improved rock weathering in dry lands.
Based on the information from both texts, which of the following will most likely happen in the future?

TEXT 1

Many young people will enter adulthood without knowledge and skills in finance. Young people need to have financial knowledge and skills. With these skills, they can make informed choices about their money. Consider these alarming statistics. Young Americans owe over $1 trillion in debt. More than 70% of millenials live paycheck to paycheck. They always run out of money before getting their salary. Young people need financial education.

Financial literacy is the combined knowledge and skills to make responsible financial decisions. It contributes to a sense of financial security and well-being. Knowledge of financial concepts includes saving, investing. spending, and borrowing. It is the foundation of financial literacy. Understanding credit management and asset building is also critical to healthy financial life. It includes how to reduce debt and avoid scams.

Low financial literacy threatens the well-being of individuals and families. Without al solid financial foundation, the youth are more susceptible to predatory lending. They also do not know how to manage debts and expenses. As a result, they get to lifelong financial inequity.

Low financial literacy can make people. miss wealth opportunities. It reduces access to higher education and professional development training. When young people lack financial knowledge, they are more likely to become trapped in cycles of poverty and debt. For example, poor spending and borrowing habits often result in low credit scores. In turn, it contributes to higher financial insecurity.

Financial education is fundamental to improving financial health and well-being for our communities. However, developing financial capability is the ultimate goal. Financial capability is what happens when financial literacy knowledge is practiced and applied. It becomes second nature. Financial literacy drives behavior that consistently leads to positive economic outcomes. It gives individuals the confidence to make informed financial decisions.
As such, they can take advantage of opportunities and build financial security for themselves and their families.

Financial education is fundamental to improving financial health and well-being for our communities. However, developing financial capability is the ultimate goal. Financial capability is what happens when financial literacy knowledge is practiced and applied. It becomes second nature. Financial literacy drives behavior that consistently leads to positive economic outcomes. It gives individuals the confidence to make informed financial decisions. As such, they can take advantage of opportunities and build financial security for themselves and their families

TEXT 2

As a teenager, have you ever seen your parents discussing something related to money? When you try to join conversation, do they either switch the topic? Do they say something like “We are doing something important, don’t disturb?” Most of us wonder why they do this. Well, you are not exactly financially illiterate. They think it would be of no help at the moment. “Financial literacy is defined as the ability to “understand and use various financial skills.”

This includes budgeting, Investing, credit management, and personal financial management. It is considered to be one of the most undervalued skills. Financial literacy will determine a country’s future. Financial education is extremely important. It will help you in building wealth, achieving goals, tackling challenges in case of emergencies and securing your family’s present and future.

Involving teenagers in day to day money matters, like managing household expenses, helps open their mind to certain financial aspect. Doing so will certainly help them become more responsible towards their spending habit. They will eventually realize how to spend little amounts of money and save as much as possible for when they need it. Money is an essential commodity in today’s world. It is, therefore, important to master the concept of money management from the teenage years to achieve financial literacy.
According to Text 1. foundation to financial literacy is…..

TEXT 1

Social media advertising is a type of digital marketing that utilizes social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and instagram to deliver paid advertisements to your target audience in a quick and effective way to connect with customers and boost your marketing campaigns

By leveraging various data sources. advertisers are able to hyper target their audiences and deliver personalized content based on demographics and user behavior. When an audience social media advertisers may see more interaction and conversion. Social media advertisements are also cost effective, offering the potential for high rates. of return.

Social media advertising is a must if you want to quickly reach new target markets. More and more companies including the world’s top performing brands utilize social media companies and reach out to new consumers. To keep up with the competition, we need to earn how these ads work and how they can benefit your company.

Because both the internet and the content marketing are constantly evolving, there are many ways to go about your advertising strategy on social media platforms: the types of advertising your preferred platforms and the audience you want to reach.

When considering social media advertising options, such as which advertising platform to use, remember that each platform has its own audience. That means you want to choose customers. If you are already active on social media, pay attention to which platforms perform well and which organic posts get the most interaction to target the best audience.

TEXT 2

How effective are advertisements on social media? Social media advertisements are just one of the innumerable ways to reach consumers today, alongside TV print, podcast, out-of-home advertising, and long list of other digital channels and guerilla tactics.
In the world of advertising, media is more fragmented than it has ever been. When it comes to how effective social media advertising is, the data offers brands some good news. “Promisingly 26% of social media users say they tend to buy brands they see advertised”

Clearly, adverts are not the only way for customers to discover brands. However, if you build your strategy around social media advertising, it is crucial to get it right 90% of customers globally say they have visited a social network in the past month. Meanwhile, global social media advertising spending is projected to grow 15% annually through 2024. Nevertheless, with so many social media advertisements saturating our feeds, standing out is key.

50. how exactly can you optimize your brand’s social media presence to inspire and engage your audience? Using the latest social media report, we sent out to explore exactly these issues. It starts with a lock on the audience. Around the world, 27% of social media users say they use social media platforms primarily to research and find products to buy. Gen Z and millennials make up 68% of these using social media for product discovery. That is surprising, given they are among the heavisest users of social media globally. Unlike their older counterparts, who use social media more moderately, millennials spend over 2.5 hours per day on social media, and Gen Z spend just under 3 hours per day on various platforms. Hence, there are three keys to keep up in mind to increase effectiveness and get more bang for your advertising buck. Those are knowing the audience, making social media frictionless, and lastly using social media to inform
Which of the following best restates the statement “Nevertheless, with so many social media advertisements saturating our feeds, standing out is key.” In text 2 paragraph 2?

TEXT 1

Social media advertising is a type of digital marketing that utilizes social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and instagram to deliver paid advertisements to your target audience in a quick and effective way to connect with customers and boost your marketing campaigns

By leveraging various data sources. advertisers are able to hyper target their audiences and deliver personalized content based on demographics and user behavior. When an audience social media advertisers may see more interaction and conversion. Social media advertisements are also cost effective, offering the potential for high rates. of return.

Social media advertising is a must if you want to quickly reach new target markets. More and more companies including the world’s top performing brands utilize social media companies and reach out to new consumers. To keep up with the competition, we need to earn how these ads work and how they can benefit your company.

Because both the internet and the content marketing are constantly evolving, there are many ways to go about your advertising strategy on social media platforms: the types of advertising your preferred platforms and the audience you want to reach.

When considering social media advertising options, such as which advertising platform to use, remember that each platform has its own audience. That means you want to choose customers. If you are already active on social media, pay attention to which platforms perform well and which organic posts get the most interaction to target the best audience.

TEXT 2

How effective are advertisements on social media? Social media advertisements are just one of the innumerable ways to reach consumers today, alongside TV print, podcast, out-of-home advertising, and long list of other digital channels and guerilla tactics.
In the world of advertising, media is more fragmented than it has ever been. When it comes to how effective social media advertising is, the data offers brands some good news. “Promisingly 26% of social media users say they tend to buy brands they see advertised”

Clearly, adverts are not the only way for customers to discover brands. However, if you build your strategy around social media advertising, it is crucial to get it right 90% of customers globally say they have visited a social network in the past month. Meanwhile, global social media advertising spending is projected to grow 15% annually through 2024. Nevertheless, with so many social media advertisements saturating our feeds, standing out is key.

50. how exactly can you optimize your brand’s social media presence to inspire and engage your audience? Using the latest social media report, we sent out to explore exactly these issues. It starts with a lock on the audience. Around the world, 27% of social media users say they use social media platforms primarily to research and find products to buy. Gen Z and millennials make up 68% of these using social media for product discovery. That is surprising, given they are among the heavisest users of social media globally. Unlike their older counterparts, who use social media more moderately, millennials spend over 2.5 hours per day on social media, and Gen Z spend just under 3 hours per day on various platforms. Hence, there are three keys to keep up in mind to increase effectiveness and get more bang for your advertising buck. Those are knowing the audience, making social media frictionless, and lastly using social media to inform
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “to keep up with” in Text 1 Paragraph 3?

Researchers have debunked the myth that extreme sportsmen and women are adrenalin junkies with a death wish. According to Professor Brymer from Leeds Becket University, there had been a gross misunderstanding of what motivates people to take part in extreme sports. Many write it off as an activity for adrenalin junkies

His research has shown that people who engage in extreme sports are anything but irresponsible risk-takers with a death wish. They are highly trained individuals with a deep knowledge of themselves, the activity, and the environment. They usually do the activity to have a life-enhancing experience. The experience is very hard to describe in the same way that love is hard to describe. For example, Base jumpers talk about being able to see all the colours and nooks and crannies of the rock as they zoom past at 300km/h. Meanwhile, extreme climbers feel like they are floating and dancing with the rock.

Professor Schweitzer said understanding motivations for extreme sports was important to understand human. In fact, extreme sports participation facilitates more positive. psychological experiences and expresses human values. These include humility, harmony, creativity, spirituality, and a vital sense of self.
He added that extreme sports participants. found it hard to put their experiences into words. Thus, the research project had taken a new approach to understanding the data. His research team did not employ a theory-based approach which may make judgements that do not reflect the lived experience of extreme sports participants. Instead, they took a phenomenological approach. By doing so they were able to conceptualize such experiences. They could also investigate the choices to engage in activity which may lead to death. However, such experiences have been shown to be affirmative of life and the potential for transformation. Extreme sports have the potential to induce powerful states of consciousness and provide a further glimpse into what it means to be human.

Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com/
The paragraph preceding the passage most likely discusses…

Researchers have debunked the myth that extreme sportsmen and women are adrenalin junkies with a death wish. According to Professor Brymer from Leeds Becket University, there had been a gross misunderstanding of what motivates people to take part in extreme sports. Many write it off as an activity for adrenalin junkies

His research has shown that people who engage in extreme sports are anything but irresponsible risk-takers with a death wish. They are highly trained individuals with a deep knowledge of themselves, the activity, and the environment. They usually do the activity to have a life-enhancing experience. The experience is very hard to describe in the same way that love is hard to describe. For example, Base jumpers talk about being able to see all the colours and nooks and crannies of the rock as they zoom past at 300km/h. Meanwhile, extreme climbers feel like they are floating and dancing with the rock.

Professor Schweitzer said understanding motivations for extreme sports was important to understand human. In fact, extreme sports participation facilitates more positive. psychological experiences and expresses human values. These include humility, harmony, creativity, spirituality, and a vital sense of self.
He added that extreme sports participants. found it hard to put their experiences into words. Thus, the research project had taken a new approach to understanding the data. His research team did not employ a theory-based approach which may make judgements that do not reflect the lived experience of extreme sports participants. Instead, they took a phenomenological approach. By doing so they were able to conceptualize such experiences. They could also investigate the choices to engage in activity which may lead to death. However, such experiences have been shown to be affirmative of life and the potential for transformation. Extreme sports have the potential to induce powerful states of consciousness and provide a further glimpse into what it means to be human.

Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com/
The word ‘debunked in paragraph 1 in the passage is closest in meaning to…

Improving the mental health and well being of young people is a global priority. Approximately 80% of the population will experience mental ill-health at some point in their life. 75% of mental disorders begin before the age of 25. Mental ill-health changes the course of young people’s lives. (…) It can also cut lives short through an increased risk of dying by suicide, treatment side effects, and higher rates of chronic physical health conditions. Good-quality, impactful research is essential to helping young people cope with mental health challenges. Young people with lived experience should be integral partners in designing, implementing and translating this research.

Expertise based on experience matters. Young people who experience mental health challenges can provide unique insights that others do not have. Through roles such as youth advisors and peer researchers, they can put that knowledge to use. They are best placed to make a participant information and consent form meaningful and comprehensible for people their age. They can advise whether an intervention is appealing and practical. In doing this, they should consider time and resource investment in development and testing. Involving people with lived experience in research helps to improve funding success. recruitment rates and research outcomes. Across the research cycle, young people can Increase the chance of research making a real difference.
Young people with the most relevant experience should be offered opportunities Typically, youth partners are not able to speak on behalf of all young people. However, it is Important to ensure that they have experiences that are relevant to the research area. Someone who has experienced suicidal ideation cannot necessarily speak to the needs of young people who hear voices. Representation of other intersecting experiences and contexts matters too. These may include experiences of voluntary versus involuntary treatment, genders and sexualities, and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adapted from https://www.nature.com/
The word “disorders” in paragraph 1 means?

Improving the mental health and well being of young people is a global priority. Approximately 80% of the population will experience mental ill-health at some point in their life. 75% of mental disorders begin before the age of 25. Mental ill-health changes the course of young people’s lives. (…) It can also cut lives short through an increased risk of dying by suicide, treatment side effects, and higher rates of chronic physical health conditions. Good-quality, impactful research is essential to helping young people cope with mental health challenges. Young people with lived experience should be integral partners in designing, implementing and translating this research.

Expertise based on experience matters. Young people who experience mental health challenges can provide unique insights that others do not have. Through roles such as youth advisors and peer researchers, they can put that knowledge to use. They are best placed to make a participant information and consent form meaningful and comprehensible for people their age. They can advise whether an intervention is appealing and practical. In doing this, they should consider time and resource investment in development and testing. Involving people with lived experience in research helps to improve funding success. recruitment rates and research outcomes. Across the research cycle, young people can Increase the chance of research making a real difference.
Young people with the most relevant experience should be offered opportunities Typically, youth partners are not able to speak on behalf of all young people. However, it is Important to ensure that they have experiences that are relevant to the research area. Someone who has experienced suicidal ideation cannot necessarily speak to the needs of young people who hear voices. Representation of other intersecting experiences and contexts matters too. These may include experiences of voluntary versus involuntary treatment, genders and sexualities, and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adapted from https://www.nature.com/
Which of the following sentences can complete the missing sentence in paragraph 1?

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
According to the passage, hypebeasts feel that they… not miss the current street fashion trends.

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
The word “enact” in paragraph 1 in the passage. means…