Text 1
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly popular due to concerns over climate change and air pollution. They produce zero tailpipe emissions and can be powered by renewable energy sources. However, challenges remain, including battery disposal and the environmental impact of mining materials such as lithium.
Text 2
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) emit only water vapor and have a longer driving range than many EVs. Yet, producing hydrogen in an environmentally friendly way is still costly and energy-intensive. Both EVs and HFCVs could play a role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels, but each has unique advantages and drawbacks.
From Text 2, producing hydrogen is currently…

Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock, gases, and ash can escape from below the crust. Magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface, rises through cracks and erupts as lava, often accompanied by clouds of ash and gas. Volcanoes are usually found along tectonic plate boundaries, where plates move toward or away from each other. However, some volcanoes also appear in the middle of tectonic plates due to hotspots.
Volcanology, the scientific study of volcanoes, helps scientists understand why eruptions occur and predict their possible effects. Though minor eruptions happen frequently around the world, major volcanic eruptions are rare but can cause significant loss of life and destruction of property. Studying past eruptions provides valuable insight into patterns and potential hazards, which can save communities from disaster.
What is the author’s attitude towards the topic of the passage?

Mental Health Challenges in Elderly People
Depression and anxiety are common mental health issues among older adults, affecting a considerable portion of the population worldwide. Studies show that older adults who live alone or have limited social interaction are at higher risk for developing these conditions. Factors such as chronic illnesses, loss of a spouse, and reduced mobility can further increase vulnerability to depression and anxiety.
Research indicates that untreated depression and anxiety in older adults are associated with poorer physical health outcomes, including weakened immune function, higher risk of heart disease, and increased likelihood of hospitalization. Social engagement, regular physical activity, and access to mental health services are considered effective measures to reduce these risks. Experts emphasize the importance of early detection and intervention to improve the overall well-being of elderly individuals.
To whom is the text likely addressed?

Mental Health Challenges in Elderly People
Depression and anxiety are common mental health issues among older adults, affecting a considerable portion of the population worldwide. Studies show that older adults who live alone or have limited social interaction are at higher risk for developing these conditions. Factors such as chronic illnesses, loss of a spouse, and reduced mobility can further increase vulnerability to depression and anxiety.
Research indicates that untreated depression and anxiety in older adults are associated with poorer physical health outcomes, including weakened immune function, higher risk of heart disease, and increased likelihood of hospitalization. Social engagement, regular physical activity, and access to mental health services are considered effective measures to reduce these risks. Experts emphasize the importance of early detection and intervention to improve the overall well-being of elderly individuals.
From the last paragraph, we can infer that …

TEXT 1
Actors develop and portray a character by applying cognitive empathy, also called Theory of Mind (ToM). ToM is the ability to understand and predict other people’s thoughts, feelings, and intentions. This skill is essential for navigating social interactions and for creating believable characters. In the process of character development, actors explore the character’s background, goals, beliefs, and values. Often, this requires going beyond what is written in the script.
Neuroscientific studies suggest that multiple brain regions, such as the temporoparietal junction and the posterior cingulate cortex, are involved in ToM. The temporoparietal junction helps in distinguishing one’s own perspective from that of others. Actors practicing ToM often experience changes in self-perception and memory, aligning their responses with the character’s perspective. Research also shows that some brain areas are temporarily suppressed when actors answer questions from the first-person perspective of the character, indicating that acting involves suppressing the self.
TEXT 2
Recent research indicates that theatre training can influence fundamental brain functions. In one study, actors were trained to perform Shakespearean scenes for audiences with autism using interactive drama exercises, known as sensory drama games.
Brain activity and physiological responses were measured using wearable imaging and monitoring devices. The results revealed that, during performance, actors’ responses to hearing their own names were reduced in the left anterior prefrontal cortex, a region linked to self-awareness. This effect was observed consistently across multiple rehearsals. Outside of acting, actors responded normally to hearing their names. Researchers hope that such studies will provide insights into how acting modifies brain activity and can foster collaboration between neuroscientists and theatre practitioners.
The findings about actors’ brain activity while performing a character are found in:

TEXT 1
Actors develop and portray a character by applying cognitive empathy, also called Theory of Mind (ToM). ToM is the ability to understand and predict other people’s thoughts, feelings, and intentions. This skill is essential for navigating social interactions and for creating believable characters. In the process of character development, actors explore the character’s background, goals, beliefs, and values. Often, this requires going beyond what is written in the script.
Neuroscientific studies suggest that multiple brain regions, such as the temporoparietal junction and the posterior cingulate cortex, are involved in ToM. The temporoparietal junction helps in distinguishing one’s own perspective from that of others. Actors practicing ToM often experience changes in self-perception and memory, aligning their responses with the character’s perspective. Research also shows that some brain areas are temporarily suppressed when actors answer questions from the first-person perspective of the character, indicating that acting involves suppressing the self.
TEXT 2
Recent research indicates that theatre training can influence fundamental brain functions. In one study, actors were trained to perform Shakespearean scenes for audiences with autism using interactive drama exercises, known as sensory drama games.
Brain activity and physiological responses were measured using wearable imaging and monitoring devices. The results revealed that, during performance, actors’ responses to hearing their own names were reduced in the left anterior prefrontal cortex, a region linked to self-awareness. This effect was observed consistently across multiple rehearsals. Outside of acting, actors responded normally to hearing their names. Researchers hope that such studies will provide insights into how acting modifies brain activity and can foster collaboration between neuroscientists and theatre practitioners.
What is the main connection between Texts 1 and 2?

Advocates for animals are becoming increasingly strident, even to the extent of using terrorist tactics Their Ire is more typically directed against laboratories that use animals, but zoos also have come under fire Some animal rights extremists have expressed a goal of putting zoos out of existence. Extreme though these views may be, they signal a shift in public attitudes toward animal welfare. Many people now consider animals as fellow creatures with needs and feelings that should be respected. Zoos that have not become attuned to perceptions of animal welfare have often experienced an erosion of public support. Some of the poorer, old-fashioned zoos have closed and even some prominent zoos have almost succumbed

These animal advocates often confuse animal rights with animal welfare, and their anthropomorphic ideas about what animals need are often at odds with what is best for animals. For example, well-meaning protestors tried to prevent the transfer of a gorilla named Timmy, who had never procreated, to a zoo in New York that had considerable success in breeding gorillas as well as many potential fertile mates for Timmy. The protestors did not want Timmy to be separated from his current, infertile female partner. However, in nature gorillas do not form monogamous bonds and they do transfer from one social group to another. Eventually, after court battles, Timmy was moved, formed bands with new females, and has begotten numerous offspring.

A related problem is the limited space in zoos.

Thus, breeding unwanted, “surplus” animals is a problem for zoos because surplus animals inhabit valuable space. Some zoos take the apparently logical stance, from a utilitarian animal management vantage, of culling their surplus stocks or selling them to the private collectors. In private hands, some animals have ended up on game ranches where they are shot for sport. This has caused major public relations imbroglios, as a result of which zoos have had to examine their ethical policies and restrict their animal trade to within accredited zoos.

Zoos have developed contraceptive and husbandry techniques to prevent unplanned breeding, and they have developed scientific breeding plans to keep population demographics aligned with available space. Furthermore, there has been a trend of exchanging animals without fees as they become increasingly priceless

Zoos have also added applied psychology to their toolkits. They now must reassure their public that animals are not distressed but are potentially “happy” New techniques are being developed to stimulate zoo animals, reduce psychological stress and elicit cooperation rather than coerce desired behaviors

(Taken from AM. Lyles, “Zoos and Zoological Parks” Encyclopedia of Blodiversity, vol 5. P. 904)
The pronoun “they” in the last sentence of the fourth paragraph refers to….

Advocates for animals are becoming increasingly strident, even to the extent of using terrorist tactics Their Ire is more typically directed against laboratories that use animals, but zoos also have come under fire Some animal rights extremists have expressed a goal of putting zoos out of existence. Extreme though these views may be, they signal a shift in public attitudes toward animal welfare. Many people now consider animals as fellow creatures with needs and feelings that should be respected. Zoos that have not become attuned to perceptions of animal welfare have often experienced an erosion of public support. Some of the poorer, old-fashioned zoos have closed and even some prominent zoos have almost succumbed

These animal advocates often confuse animal rights with animal welfare, and their anthropomorphic ideas about what animals need are often at odds with what is best for animals. For example, well-meaning protestors tried to prevent the transfer of a gorilla named Timmy, who had never procreated, to a zoo in New York that had considerable success in breeding gorillas as well as many potential fertile mates for Timmy. The protestors did not want Timmy to be separated from his current, infertile female partner. However, in nature gorillas do not form monogamous bonds and they do transfer from one social group to another. Eventually, after court battles, Timmy was moved, formed bands with new females, and has begotten numerous offspring.

A related problem is the limited space in zoos.

Thus, breeding unwanted, “surplus” animals is a problem for zoos because surplus animals inhabit valuable space. Some zoos take the apparently logical stance, from a utilitarian animal management vantage, of culling their surplus stocks or selling them to the private collectors. In private hands, some animals have ended up on game ranches where they are shot for sport. This has caused major public relations imbroglios, as a result of which zoos have had to examine their ethical policies and restrict their animal trade to within accredited zoos.

Zoos have developed contraceptive and husbandry techniques to prevent unplanned breeding, and they have developed scientific breeding plans to keep population demographics aligned with available space. Furthermore, there has been a trend of exchanging animals without fees as they become increasingly priceless

Zoos have also added applied psychology to their toolkits. They now must reassure their public that animals are not distressed but are potentially “happy” New techniques are being developed to stimulate zoo animals, reduce psychological stress and elicit cooperation rather than coerce desired behaviors

(Taken from AM. Lyles, “Zoos and Zoological Parks” Encyclopedia of Blodiversity, vol 5. P. 904)
The text states all of the following, EXCEPT….

TEXT 1

Americans are having fewer babies. At first, researchers thought the declining fertility rate was because of the recession, but it kept falling even as the economy recovered. Now has reached a record low for the second consecutive year. The fertility rate subtly shapes many major issues of the day, including immigration, education, housing, labor supply, the social safety net, and support for working families. Thus, there is a lot of concern about why today’s young adults are not having as many children. As a result, research was recently conducted to investigate this phenomenon.

Americans are having fewer babies. At first, researchers thought the declining fertility rate was because of the recession, but it kept falling even as the economy recovered. Now It has reached a record low for the second consecutive year. The fertility rate subtly shapes many major issues of the day, including immigration, education, housing, labor supply. the social safety net, and support for working families. Thus, there is a lot of concern about why today’s young adults are not having as many children. As a result, research was recently conducted to investigate this phenomenon. About a quarter of the respondents who had children or planned to, said they had fewer or expected to have fewer than they wanted. The largest shares said they delayed or stopped having children because of concerns about having enough time or money. The survey tells a story that it is partly about greater gender equality. Women have more agency over their lives. Many women feel that motherhood. has become more of a choice. However, it is also a story of economic security. Young people have student debt, many graduated in recession, and many cannot afford homes. All these happen as parenthood has become more expensive.

One of the biggest factors was personal, which is having no desire for children and wanting more leisure time. This is a pattern that has also shown up in social science research. A quarter of pool respondents who did not plan to have children said they did not think they would be good parents.

Financial concerns also led people to have fewer children than they considered to be ideal. 64 percent said it was because of a lack of paid family leave.

TEXT 2

Would you have a baby, or add more children to your family, if the government offers to help you cover the bills? Government programs that give parents money for having kids are appearing in more countries as a strategy to combat declining birth rates.

Researchers study birth rates as a way to measure the stability of community. In general, people will have children if they feel they have job security and stable economy. They will also want more children if they feel supported in starting a family. However, declining population growth can destroy the economy. Financial incentives and bonuses are one way to support parents and boost birth rates.

In one small municipality in Finland, Lestijarvi, fewer babies are born. Only one child had been born per year before 2013.
Since then local officials have given “baby bonus in which each baby born is worth 10,000 euros. This is paid to the family over the course of 10 years.

The bonuses for having children seem to be able to solve the problem of low birth rate In various places. This works in Finland, Estonia, Italy, Japan, and Australla. Governments can persuade parents to have children by promising easy childcare. They can also encourage women to have jobs while also having children.
The author’s purpose in writing Text 2 is to…

TEXT 1

Americans are having fewer babies. At first, researchers thought the declining fertility rate was because of the recession, but it kept falling even as the economy recovered. Now has reached a record low for the second consecutive year. The fertility rate subtly shapes many major issues of the day, including immigration, education, housing, labor supply, the social safety net, and support for working families. Thus, there is a lot of concern about why today’s young adults are not having as many children. As a result, research was recently conducted to investigate this phenomenon.

Americans are having fewer babies. At first, researchers thought the declining fertility rate was because of the recession, but it kept falling even as the economy recovered. Now It has reached a record low for the second consecutive year. The fertility rate subtly shapes many major issues of the day, including immigration, education, housing, labor supply. the social safety net, and support for working families. Thus, there is a lot of concern about why today’s young adults are not having as many children. As a result, research was recently conducted to investigate this phenomenon. About a quarter of the respondents who had children or planned to, said they had fewer or expected to have fewer than they wanted. The largest shares said they delayed or stopped having children because of concerns about having enough time or money. The survey tells a story that it is partly about greater gender equality. Women have more agency over their lives. Many women feel that motherhood. has become more of a choice. However, it is also a story of economic security. Young people have student debt, many graduated in recession, and many cannot afford homes. All these happen as parenthood has become more expensive.

One of the biggest factors was personal, which is having no desire for children and wanting more leisure time. This is a pattern that has also shown up in social science research. A quarter of pool respondents who did not plan to have children said they did not think they would be good parents.

Financial concerns also led people to have fewer children than they considered to be ideal. 64 percent said it was because of a lack of paid family leave.

TEXT 2

Would you have a baby, or add more children to your family, if the government offers to help you cover the bills? Government programs that give parents money for having kids are appearing in more countries as a strategy to combat declining birth rates.

Researchers study birth rates as a way to measure the stability of community. In general, people will have children if they feel they have job security and stable economy. They will also want more children if they feel supported in starting a family. However, declining population growth can destroy the economy. Financial incentives and bonuses are one way to support parents and boost birth rates.

In one small municipality in Finland, Lestijarvi, fewer babies are born. Only one child had been born per year before 2013.
Since then local officials have given “baby bonus in which each baby born is worth 10,000 euros. This is paid to the family over the course of 10 years.

The bonuses for having children seem to be able to solve the problem of low birth rate In various places. This works in Finland, Estonia, Italy, Japan, and Australla. Governments can persuade parents to have children by promising easy childcare. They can also encourage women to have jobs while also having children.
Which of the following statements shows the author’s positive attitude toward government support?

TEXT 1

The average American may be swallowing a large amount of micro plastic particles every year from contaminated foods. The report came from researchers at the University of Victoria in Canada who studied the micro plastic content of certain foods. They combined It with dietary guidelines to estimate people’s plastic consumption. They found the average American could be consuming 52.000 micro plastic pieces each year by eating the recommended amounts of food and drink. This figure is slightly lower for women, at 41,000, because of their smaller food intake. Children are estimated to have annual intakes of 46,000 and 39,000 micro plastic particles.

There is growing concern that plastic in the ocean could be entering the food chain as microscopic particles absorbed by fish and mollusks. Other foods can be contaminated during production and processing or from plastic packaging. The study showed that bottled water could also be a significant source of micro plastic consumption. An adult drinking only from bottled water may be consuming an additional 75,000 to 127,000 pieces of micro plastic each year, according to the research. For comparison, drinking only from tap water leads to just 3,000 to 6,000.

The team emphasizes that these figures are only estimates because of limitations in the data. They were not able to include common food sources, such as meat, dairy, cereals, and vegetables in their calculation because their micro plastic content is not known. They also point out that it is unclear what effect this exposure to micro plastics has on our health.

TEXT 2

Plastic infant feeding bottles can release. up to 16 million pieces of micro plastic during each use. Such bottles are routinely exposed to hot water and vigorous shaking when. parents are making formula for babies. The researchers at Trinity College Dublin estimated the daily exposure of an infant up to 12 months oldranged from 14,600 to 4.5 millions of micro particles.
Although micro plastics are also found elsewhere, such as in bottled water, their levels reported have been in thousands per liter only. This means babies could be consuming doses of thousands of times higher than adults.

The team assessed 10 different baby feeding bottles made from polypropylene. These are typically esposed to temperature of up to 100°C in a cleaning procedure advised. by the World Health Organization. For one product, the number of micro plastics increased from around one to 55 million particles per liter, when the temperature was increased to 95°C. Although it is too early to make a policy based on this single study, the results ring an alarm, according to an eco-toxicologist at the University of Southern Denmark.

The study will be pretty concerning for parents. However, frustratingly scientists also do not know what this means toxicologically, because there are so few studies on the health impact of micro plastics. Still, the scientists offer advice for parents. Formula should be prepared with hot water that is 70°C or higher in a non-plastic container. When it has cooled, the formula can be transferred to the plastic bottles.
What is the relationship between the two texts?

TEXT 1

The average American may be swallowing a large amount of micro plastic particles every year from contaminated foods. The report came from researchers at the University of Victoria in Canada who studied the micro plastic content of certain foods. They combined It with dietary guidelines to estimate people’s plastic consumption. They found the average American could be consuming 52.000 micro plastic pieces each year by eating the recommended amounts of food and drink. This figure is slightly lower for women, at 41,000, because of their smaller food intake. Children are estimated to have annual intakes of 46,000 and 39,000 micro plastic particles.

There is growing concern that plastic in the ocean could be entering the food chain as microscopic particles absorbed by fish and mollusks. Other foods can be contaminated during production and processing or from plastic packaging. The study showed that bottled water could also be a significant source of micro plastic consumption. An adult drinking only from bottled water may be consuming an additional 75,000 to 127,000 pieces of micro plastic each year, according to the research. For comparison, drinking only from tap water leads to just 3,000 to 6,000.

The team emphasizes that these figures are only estimates because of limitations in the data. They were not able to include common food sources, such as meat, dairy, cereals, and vegetables in their calculation because their micro plastic content is not known. They also point out that it is unclear what effect this exposure to micro plastics has on our health.

TEXT 2

Plastic infant feeding bottles can release. up to 16 million pieces of micro plastic during each use. Such bottles are routinely exposed to hot water and vigorous shaking when. parents are making formula for babies. The researchers at Trinity College Dublin estimated the daily exposure of an infant up to 12 months oldranged from 14,600 to 4.5 millions of micro particles.
Although micro plastics are also found elsewhere, such as in bottled water, their levels reported have been in thousands per liter only. This means babies could be consuming doses of thousands of times higher than adults.

The team assessed 10 different baby feeding bottles made from polypropylene. These are typically esposed to temperature of up to 100°C in a cleaning procedure advised. by the World Health Organization. For one product, the number of micro plastics increased from around one to 55 million particles per liter, when the temperature was increased to 95°C. Although it is too early to make a policy based on this single study, the results ring an alarm, according to an eco-toxicologist at the University of Southern Denmark.

The study will be pretty concerning for parents. However, frustratingly scientists also do not know what this means toxicologically, because there are so few studies on the health impact of micro plastics. Still, the scientists offer advice for parents. Formula should be prepared with hot water that is 70°C or higher in a non-plastic container. When it has cooled, the formula can be transferred to the plastic bottles.
Based on the information from two texts, which of the following will most likely happen in the future?

TEXT 1

Male squid, which mate and then leave, are known for not being good parents. The little, shiny big fin reef squid, which lives on coral reels all over the world, may be the first squid to care for its young.

Once a bigger male has mated with a female, he stays close to keep other males from mating with her. When the female is ready to lay her fertilized eggs, she looks for a coral crack that is safe from currents and predators. After she has done laying eggs, the male will protect her for a short time and then move on to mate with other females.

Eduardo Sampaio, a biologist, observed something strange in the Red Sea in Egypt. When the male squid had already paired up, a dominant male would scare off rivals by waving his tentacles and making his skin flash white with black stripes. Then he would leave his mate for a few seconds to swim into a crack where eggs were laid. Sampaio said that it was the first time anything like this had ever happened.
Samantha Cheng, an expert on biodiversity at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, said that male big fin reef squid In Indonesia in 2013 did something similar. Nonetheless, it had not been described before in the scientific references about any squid. octopus, or other cephalopod

In a newspaper published in Ecology. Sampaio and Cheng explain the behavior and why they think it is a form of paternal care. “Location probing” is common among species that only have one mate, but paternal care is rare among cephalopods. More research is still needed to know more about this rare phenomenon.

TEXT 2

How does the colossal squid swim? Nobody has ever seen a live colossal squid swimming, so this is a difficult question to answer. The scientists had to look at how other closely related squid swim and come up with the theory about how the colossal squid moves. Colossal squids are part of the Cranchiidae family, known as the glass squids. There are many videos of squid species swimming, including the glass squid

Cranchiidae or glass squid have a very different outward appearance or morphology from most squid. They have forward-facing eyes, which give them binocular vision. This also means they cannot hold their arms out directly in front as they would not be able to see. Most other squids have eyes on the sides of the head. They do not have to lift their arms out of their field of vision and can swim with their arms flat.

Most of the cranchiidae hold their arms either up over their heads in the ‘cockatoo’ position, or down in the ‘reverse cockatoo’ position. Scientist think that the colossal squid, like other cranciidae, does not usually swim with its arms held flat out. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether the colossal squid swims in the ‘cockatoo position, or reverse cockatoo’ position.
The team reasoned that if the colossal squid held its arms up in the cockatoo position, the lower arms would be longer, as they would have to reach further to meet the tips of the upper arms. Careful measurement of the colossal squid’s arms showed that the lower arms are longer. The position and direction of the non-swivelling hooks on the arms also suggest that the colossal squid uses the cockatoo position. However, this is all just hypothesis; until someone sees a colossal squid swimming, we will not know for sure. This is a process of science.
The word “they in Text 2 Paragraph 4 refers to…

TEXT 1

Male squid, which mate and then leave, are known for not being good parents. The little, shiny big fin reef squid, which lives on coral reels all over the world, may be the first squid to care for its young.

Once a bigger male has mated with a female, he stays close to keep other males from mating with her. When the female is ready to lay her fertilized eggs, she looks for a coral crack that is safe from currents and predators. After she has done laying eggs, the male will protect her for a short time and then move on to mate with other females.

Eduardo Sampaio, a biologist, observed something strange in the Red Sea in Egypt. When the male squid had already paired up, a dominant male would scare off rivals by waving his tentacles and making his skin flash white with black stripes. Then he would leave his mate for a few seconds to swim into a crack where eggs were laid. Sampaio said that it was the first time anything like this had ever happened.
Samantha Cheng, an expert on biodiversity at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, said that male big fin reef squid In Indonesia in 2013 did something similar. Nonetheless, it had not been described before in the scientific references about any squid. octopus, or other cephalopod

In a newspaper published in Ecology. Sampaio and Cheng explain the behavior and why they think it is a form of paternal care. “Location probing” is common among species that only have one mate, but paternal care is rare among cephalopods. More research is still needed to know more about this rare phenomenon.

TEXT 2

How does the colossal squid swim? Nobody has ever seen a live colossal squid swimming, so this is a difficult question to answer. The scientists had to look at how other closely related squid swim and come up with the theory about how the colossal squid moves. Colossal squids are part of the Cranchiidae family, known as the glass squids. There are many videos of squid species swimming, including the glass squid

Cranchiidae or glass squid have a very different outward appearance or morphology from most squid. They have forward-facing eyes, which give them binocular vision. This also means they cannot hold their arms out directly in front as they would not be able to see. Most other squids have eyes on the sides of the head. They do not have to lift their arms out of their field of vision and can swim with their arms flat.

Most of the cranchiidae hold their arms either up over their heads in the ‘cockatoo’ position, or down in the ‘reverse cockatoo’ position. Scientist think that the colossal squid, like other cranciidae, does not usually swim with its arms held flat out. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether the colossal squid swims in the ‘cockatoo position, or reverse cockatoo’ position.
The team reasoned that if the colossal squid held its arms up in the cockatoo position, the lower arms would be longer, as they would have to reach further to meet the tips of the upper arms. Careful measurement of the colossal squid’s arms showed that the lower arms are longer. The position and direction of the non-swivelling hooks on the arms also suggest that the colossal squid uses the cockatoo position. However, this is all just hypothesis; until someone sees a colossal squid swimming, we will not know for sure. This is a process of science.
According to the text, information about unusual squid’s movement found by scientists can be found in…

From small committees to national elections, group decision making can be complicated. Unfortunately, it may not always settle on the best choice. That’s partly because some members of the group do research on their own, and others take their cues from the people around them.

That distinction is readily observed around election time. “Many voters couldn’t tell you the policy platforms for the candidates they’re voting for,” says applied mathematician Vicky Chuqiao Yang at the Santa Fe Institute. “Many individuals are uninformed, and they’re most likely to rely on information they get from others.”

Social scientists have long sought ways to study the phenomenon of group decision-making, but that’s a tricky undertaking. Researchers in a range of disciplines have tried to tackle the problem, with parallel efforts often leading to conflicting conclusions. Most existing models examine the effect of a single variable, which means they don’t capture the whole picture.

“The outcome of collective decision making is the result of complex interactions of many variables,” says Yang, “And those interactions are rarely taken into account” in previous work. To overcome that challenge, Yang recently developed a mathematical framework that captures the influence of multiple interactions among members of a group. “You can plug in multiple effects and see their behavior and how they manifest in the group at the same time,” she explains.

Those effects include the influence of social learners. The model predicted, for example, that decision-making groups have a critical threshold of people who get their information from others. Below that threshold, the group chooses the high-quality outcome. Above it, the group can end up choosing the better or worse option.

The mathematical model is both simple and general. It can accurately reflect the multitude of moving parts within a system.
The model also predicted a significant role for “committed minorities” or people who refuse to change their minds, no matter the evidence.

These committed minorities can be bolstered. Yang says, by social leamers, though every group is different. Yang says she hopes the model will help bring together parallel work from different disciplines. ……”but we don’t yet have a holistic understanding that gives a recipe for good collective decision making she said. “Our work brings us one step closer to it.”

Adipted from httpwww.scienodaily.com
The author mentions the fact that numerous variables influence the result of group decision-making in paragraph…

From small committees to national elections, group decision making can be complicated. Unfortunately, it may not always settle on the best choice. That’s partly because some members of the group do research on their own, and others take their cues from the people around them.

That distinction is readily observed around election time. “Many voters couldn’t tell you the policy platforms for the candidates they’re voting for,” says applied mathematician Vicky Chuqiao Yang at the Santa Fe Institute. “Many individuals are uninformed, and they’re most likely to rely on information they get from others.”

Social scientists have long sought ways to study the phenomenon of group decision-making, but that’s a tricky undertaking. Researchers in a range of disciplines have tried to tackle the problem, with parallel efforts often leading to conflicting conclusions. Most existing models examine the effect of a single variable, which means they don’t capture the whole picture.

“The outcome of collective decision making is the result of complex interactions of many variables,” says Yang, “And those interactions are rarely taken into account” in previous work. To overcome that challenge, Yang recently developed a mathematical framework that captures the influence of multiple interactions among members of a group. “You can plug in multiple effects and see their behavior and how they manifest in the group at the same time,” she explains.

Those effects include the influence of social learners. The model predicted, for example, that decision-making groups have a critical threshold of people who get their information from others. Below that threshold, the group chooses the high-quality outcome. Above it, the group can end up choosing the better or worse option.

The mathematical model is both simple and general. It can accurately reflect the multitude of moving parts within a system.
The model also predicted a significant role for “committed minorities” or people who refuse to change their minds, no matter the evidence.

These committed minorities can be bolstered. Yang says, by social leamers, though every group is different. Yang says she hopes the model will help bring together parallel work from different disciplines. ……”but we don’t yet have a holistic understanding that gives a recipe for good collective decision making she said. “Our work brings us one step closer to it.”

Adipted from httpwww.scienodaily.com
The passage implies that although it is a collective endeavor, a group ….. make poor decisions.

Without audience, men run slower and women faster. The lack of spectators during the coronavirus pandemic appears to have had a noticeable effect on the performance of athletes at the 2020 Biathlon World Cup, a new study by Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) in Psychology of Sport and Exercise shows. According to the new analysis, women also perform better in complex tasks, such as shooting, when an audience was present while men did not.

‘Social facilitation theory states that a person’s performance is impacted if other people watch them. The mere presence of an audience improves the performance of simple tasks, especially those that require stamina. “The studies have been relatively clear so far. “However, the results are more heterogeneous when it comes to more complex coordinative tasks, explains Amelie Heinrich from the Institute of Sports Science at MLU. In general, it is assumed that performance tends to get worse when there is an audience.

Heinrich is a sports psychology expert. She coaches Germany’s junior biathlon squad. In her new study, she took advantage of the special situation in sport caused by the coronavirus. She compared the running times and shooting successes of male and female biathletes from the 2018/2019 season with their performances in the 2020 season in the sprint and mass start events. “The men’s results were as expected. They ran faster with an audience present, but performed more poorly in shooting,” says Heinrich. While cross-country skiing mainly requires stamina, shooting is a coordinative task. “Interestingly, it was the other way around for women. They ran slower in the presence of spectators, but on average, it took them an entire second less to make their shot and, at least in the sprint, their scoring performance was five percent higher.

“To our knowledge, this is the first time that a study was able to show a different effect of the audience on men and women,” says Professor Oliver Stoll, head of the sports psychology section at MLU….

Adapted from:https//www.sciencedaily.com/
Performance….. to get worse when there is an audience.

Without audience, men run slower and women faster. The lack of spectators during the coronavirus pandemic appears to have had a noticeable effect on the performance of athletes at the 2020 Biathlon World Cup, a new study by Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) in Psychology of Sport and Exercise shows. According to the new analysis, women also perform better in complex tasks, such as shooting, when an audience was present while men did not.

‘Social facilitation theory states that a person’s performance is impacted if other people watch them. The mere presence of an audience improves the performance of simple tasks, especially those that require stamina. “The studies have been relatively clear so far. “However, the results are more heterogeneous when it comes to more complex coordinative tasks, explains Amelie Heinrich from the Institute of Sports Science at MLU. In general, it is assumed that performance tends to get worse when there is an audience.

Heinrich is a sports psychology expert. She coaches Germany’s junior biathlon squad. In her new study, she took advantage of the special situation in sport caused by the coronavirus. She compared the running times and shooting successes of male and female biathletes from the 2018/2019 season with their performances in the 2020 season in the sprint and mass start events. “The men’s results were as expected. They ran faster with an audience present, but performed more poorly in shooting,” says Heinrich. While cross-country skiing mainly requires stamina, shooting is a coordinative task. “Interestingly, it was the other way around for women. They ran slower in the presence of spectators, but on average, it took them an entire second less to make their shot and, at least in the sprint, their scoring performance was five percent higher.

“To our knowledge, this is the first time that a study was able to show a different effect of the audience on men and women,” says Professor Oliver Stoll, head of the sports psychology section at MLU….

Adapted from:https//www.sciencedaily.com/
Which sentence in paragraph 2 tells the readers the general assumption about one’s performance when there is an audience? Sentence…

Sport refers to an activity involving physical activity and skill. Sports are an integral part of human life, and there is great importance of sports in all spheres of life. Sports have a massive positive effect both physically and mentally.
First of all from physical point of view. sports strengthen the heart. They serve as an excellent preventive measure against heart diseasess leading to an increased life expectancy of individuals. They involve physical activity of the body because of which blood vessels remain clean. Besides, they reduce the amount of cholesterol and fats in the body because of the increase flexibility if the wall of the blood vessels. Such flexibility increases due to physical exertion, which is the result of sports

[1] In addition, sports make a person experience a good quality of breathing because of sports. [2] They strengthen the lungs of the body in particular ways. [3] Sports are particularly helpful in making our body fit and slim. [4] By escalating the lung capacity and efficiency of the body, more oxygen enters the blood which is extremely beneficial [5] Furthermore, there are fewer chances of developing lung diseases due to sports.

Moreover, from the mental point of view, sports bring discipline in life. They teach the values of dedication and patience. Sports also teach people how to handle failure. Besides, they also teach people how to handle failure because of a number of difficulties of movements found in sports. The importance of following a time schedule is also present in sports, requiring people to be punctual.

Finally, sports reduce the stress of mind. People who play sports would certainly experience less depression because sports can ensure the peace of their mind. Most noteworthy, they bring happiness and joy in the life of people who play them.

Adapted from: https://www.toppr.com/
The irrelevant statement in paragraph 3 is sentence….

Sport refers to an activity involving physical activity and skill. Sports are an integral part of human life, and there is great importance of sports in all spheres of life. Sports have a massive positive effect both physically and mentally.
First of all from physical point of view. sports strengthen the heart. They serve as an excellent preventive measure against heart diseasess leading to an increased life expectancy of individuals. They involve physical activity of the body because of which blood vessels remain clean. Besides, they reduce the amount of cholesterol and fats in the body because of the increase flexibility if the wall of the blood vessels. Such flexibility increases due to physical exertion, which is the result of sports

[1] In addition, sports make a person experience a good quality of breathing because of sports. [2] They strengthen the lungs of the body in particular ways. [3] Sports are particularly helpful in making our body fit and slim. [4] By escalating the lung capacity and efficiency of the body, more oxygen enters the blood which is extremely beneficial [5] Furthermore, there are fewer chances of developing lung diseases due to sports.

Moreover, from the mental point of view, sports bring discipline in life. They teach the values of dedication and patience. Sports also teach people how to handle failure. Besides, they also teach people how to handle failure because of a number of difficulties of movements found in sports. The importance of following a time schedule is also present in sports, requiring people to be punctual.

Finally, sports reduce the stress of mind. People who play sports would certainly experience less depression because sports can ensure the peace of their mind. Most noteworthy, they bring happiness and joy in the life of people who play them.

Adapted from: https://www.toppr.com/
Regarding the advantages of sports to people’s life, the more….the less….