The global shift toward renewable energy is accelerating as nations seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address the urgent threat of climate change. Solar, wind, and hydropower have emerged as the primary sources driving this transformation, offering cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.
One major advantage of renewable energy is its long-term sustainability. Unlike coal or oil, renewable resources are naturally replenished. Additionally, advances in battery storage technology are helping to overcome one of the sector’s main limitations—intermittency. By storing excess energy generated on sunny or windy days, power grids can deliver a stable supply even during periods of low generation.
However, the transition is not without obstacles. Building renewable infrastructure requires significant investment, and some communities resist projects due to concerns over land use or visual impact. Furthermore, countries that depend heavily on fossil fuel exports face economic challenges in shifting their energy systems.
Despite these issues, the cost of renewable energy has dropped significantly over the past decade, making it increasingly competitive with traditional energy sources. With continued innovation and international cooperation, a cleaner energy future is within reach.
What is the main idea of the passage?

The global shift toward renewable energy is accelerating as nations seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address the urgent threat of climate change. Solar, wind, and hydropower have emerged as the primary sources driving this transformation, offering cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.
One major advantage of renewable energy is its long-term sustainability. Unlike coal or oil, renewable resources are naturally replenished. Additionally, advances in battery storage technology are helping to overcome one of the sector’s main limitations—intermittency. By storing excess energy generated on sunny or windy days, power grids can deliver a stable supply even during periods of low generation.
However, the transition is not without obstacles. Building renewable infrastructure requires significant investment, and some communities resist projects due to concerns over land use or visual impact. Furthermore, countries that depend heavily on fossil fuel exports face economic challenges in shifting their energy systems.
Despite these issues, the cost of renewable energy has dropped significantly over the past decade, making it increasingly competitive with traditional energy sources. With continued innovation and international cooperation, a cleaner energy future is within reach.
The passage is mainly intended to…

Streaming Platforms and Recommendation Algorithms
Streaming platforms, such as Netflix and Spotify, are praised for their personalized recommendation systems. Once the algorithm adapts to a user’s tastes, the platform can provide content that feels tailored and engaging. Many users find themselves spending hours exploring content because every suggestion matches their interests.
However, these recommendation systems are not without limitations. One challenge is the creation of a “filter bubble,” where users are mostly exposed to content similar to what they already enjoy. This can limit diversity and prevent discovery of new genres or topics. Additionally, platforms must be careful with sensitive content, such as graphic violence or adult themes. Algorithms may restrict the recommendation of such content to prevent exposing a general audience to material that could be disturbing. What is one potential problem of recommendation systems mentioned in the text?

Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock, gases, and ash can escape from below the crust. Magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface, rises through cracks and erupts as lava, often accompanied by clouds of ash and gas. Volcanoes are usually found along tectonic plate boundaries, where plates move toward or away from each other. However, some volcanoes also appear in the middle of tectonic plates due to hotspots.
Volcanology, the scientific study of volcanoes, helps scientists understand why eruptions occur and predict their possible effects. Though minor eruptions happen frequently around the world, major volcanic eruptions are rare but can cause significant loss of life and destruction of property. Studying past eruptions provides valuable insight into patterns and potential hazards, which can save communities from disaster.
The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses…..

Protecting Consumers from Counterfeit Products During Online Shopping
As online shopping continues to grow, government agencies are working to protect consumers from counterfeit products that may pose serious safety risks. The Consumer Safety and Protection Office (CSPO) has introduced a new online shopping guide, offering tips on identifying fake products, protecting personal and financial information, and recognizing suspicious websites. The guide also includes videos, infographics, and checklists for safer shopping.
Buying counterfeit goods can be dangerous. Fake electronics may overheat, toy products can break easily causing injury, and counterfeit cosmetics may contain harmful chemicals. Additionally, fraudulent websites can steal customers’ data, leading to financial loss and identity theft. Online marketplaces are especially vulnerable to these scams, as unscrupulous sellers can hide behind anonymity.
The CSPO collaborates with federal and private partners to prevent the sale and distribution of counterfeit products. By monitoring websites, social media, and online marketplaces, the CSPO aims to safeguard U.S. consumers and businesses while ensuring the integrity of intellectual property rights. These efforts help minimize economic losses and protect public health by preventing hazardous products from entering the market.
The word unscrupulous in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to …

Protecting Consumers from Counterfeit Products During Online Shopping
As online shopping continues to grow, government agencies are working to protect consumers from counterfeit products that may pose serious safety risks. The Consumer Safety and Protection Office (CSPO) has introduced a new online shopping guide, offering tips on identifying fake products, protecting personal and financial information, and recognizing suspicious websites. The guide also includes videos, infographics, and checklists for safer shopping.
Buying counterfeit goods can be dangerous. Fake electronics may overheat, toy products can break easily causing injury, and counterfeit cosmetics may contain harmful chemicals. Additionally, fraudulent websites can steal customers’ data, leading to financial loss and identity theft. Online marketplaces are especially vulnerable to these scams, as unscrupulous sellers can hide behind anonymity.
The CSPO collaborates with federal and private partners to prevent the sale and distribution of counterfeit products. By monitoring websites, social media, and online marketplaces, the CSPO aims to safeguard U.S. consumers and businesses while ensuring the integrity of intellectual property rights. These efforts help minimize economic losses and protect public health by preventing hazardous products from entering the market.
With ideas in paragraph 3, it can be predicted that …

Mirrorless Cars and Camera Technology
Before car designers envisioned fully autonomous vehicles, they explored alternatives to conventional side mirrors. Recently, several automakers have presented video-based systems that could replace side mirrors with small cameras. Continental, a leading automotive parts supplier, is among those pioneering this technology.
In a modified Audi A6, Continental demonstrated its system. Compact cameras mounted on the sides of the car replace traditional mirrors and transmit real-time images to screens inside the vehicle. These displays are positioned near the driver’s natural line of sight, providing a wider field of view than conventional mirrors and minimizing blind spots. The cameras can also adjust automatically to sunlight or nighttime conditions and help drivers maneuver in tight parking areas.
Automakers are awaiting regulatory approval, as many countries still require physical mirrors on vehicles. Philipp Hoffmann, BMW’s project manager for camera monitor systems, anticipates road tests of mirrorless vehicles in Europe, followed by trials in Asia. He expressed optimism that similar approval may be granted in the United States.
His optimism is supported by recent initiatives. Daimler AG, the parent company of Mercedes-Benz, is testing autonomous trucks in Nevada with screens replacing mirrors, and BMW has received an exemption from the U.S. Transportation Department to allow a BMW 7 Series to park itself using an automatic parking system while the driver remains outside the vehicle.
Replacing side mirrors with cameras could also reduce costs. Repairing a conventional side mirror can be expensive—for instance, a replacement for a 2016 Acura RLX costs nearly $950. Mr. McConnell from Continental noted that eliminating the need for structural supports for mirrors could save manufacturers money in production.
Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

Social media algorithms, introduced by Facebook in 2009, have revolutionized how we interact online, yet they present challenges akin to unruly teenagers, amplifying harmful content and disinformation. Governments worldwide are trying to curb these excesses: Brazil temporarily banned X (formerly Twitter), the EU threatened tech firms with fines for election interference, the UK introduced an online safety act, and the US proposed a TikTok ban.

Critics argue these actions threaten free speech, reminiscent of John Perry Barlow’s 1996 essay urging governments to stay out of cyberspace. Free speech advocates like Adam Candeub, a former advisor to President Trump, fear government control but also criticize social media’s polarizing effect, exacerbated by algorithms. Candeub believes in a “marketplace of ideas where speech should compete freely, but others, like Yale lecturer Asha Rangappa, argue that algorithms distort this marketplace, giving preference to sensational content rather than fostering democratic debate.

Early social media functioned as a public sphere, but today, algorithms decide what users see, often amplifying controversial topics for engagement. This skews public discourse, misrepresenting majority opinions and exaggerating discord. Although platforms like Facebook claim they don’t block content, their algorithms shape what people see, making “free speech” more about reach than expression. Critics argue this severs the direct link between speakers and audiences, shifting control from individuals to algorithms.

In what is now called the “algorithmic society,” platforms and search engines wield influence aver speech, akin to how nation-states once governed it. Legal scholars argue that current free speech protections are insufficient, as social media platforms play an active role in shaping public discourse. Algorithm transparency is proposed as a solution, but there is no neutral way to design social media.

Efforts to mitigate algorithmic control, such as chronological feeds, have limitations. Yet platforms like X now offer users the option to curate their own content. Francis Fukuyama suggests “middleware” as a third solution, allowing users more control over what they see by using independent content filters.

As social media matures, control might shift from tech companies and politicians to users. A growing number of people now prefer closed, private group chats over public sharing, signaling a desire for more accountable, less sensationalized online spaces. The future of algorithms could lie with the people, not big tech.

Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8e4p4297eo
What is the main idea of the passage?

Mirrorless Cars and Camera Technology
Before car designers envisioned fully autonomous vehicles, they explored alternatives to conventional side mirrors. Recently, several automakers have presented video-based systems that could replace side mirrors with small cameras. Continental, a leading automotive parts supplier, is among those pioneering this technology.
In a modified Audi A6, Continental demonstrated its system. Compact cameras mounted on the sides of the car replace traditional mirrors and transmit real-time images to screens inside the vehicle. These displays are positioned near the driver’s natural line of sight, providing a wider field of view than conventional mirrors and minimizing blind spots. The cameras can also adjust automatically to sunlight or nighttime conditions and help drivers maneuver in tight parking areas.
Automakers are awaiting regulatory approval, as many countries still require physical mirrors on vehicles. Philipp Hoffmann, BMW’s project manager for camera monitor systems, anticipates road tests of mirrorless vehicles in Europe, followed by trials in Asia. He expressed optimism that similar approval may be granted in the United States.
His optimism is supported by recent initiatives. Daimler AG, the parent company of Mercedes-Benz, is testing autonomous trucks in Nevada with screens replacing mirrors, and BMW has received an exemption from the U.S. Transportation Department to allow a BMW 7 Series to park itself using an automatic parking system while the driver remains outside the vehicle.
Replacing side mirrors with cameras could also reduce costs. Repairing a conventional side mirror can be expensive—for instance, a replacement for a 2016 Acura RLX costs nearly $950. Mr. McConnell from Continental noted that eliminating the need for structural supports for mirrors could save manufacturers money in production.
Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

Social media algorithms, introduced by Facebook in 2009, have revolutionized how we interact online, yet they present challenges akin to unruly teenagers, amplifying harmful content and disinformation. Governments worldwide are trying to curb these excesses: Brazil temporarily banned X (formerly Twitter), the EU threatened tech firms with fines for election interference, the UK introduced an online safety act, and the US proposed a TikTok ban.

Critics argue these actions threaten free speech, reminiscent of John Perry Barlow’s 1996 essay urging governments to stay out of cyberspace. Free speech advocates like Adam Candeub, a former advisor to President Trump, fear government control but also criticize social media’s polarizing effect, exacerbated by algorithms. Candeub believes in a “marketplace of ideas where speech should compete freely, but others, like Yale lecturer Asha Rangappa, argue that algorithms distort this marketplace, giving preference to sensational content rather than fostering democratic debate.

Early social media functioned as a public sphere, but today, algorithms decide what users see, often amplifying controversial topics for engagement. This skews public discourse, misrepresenting majority opinions and exaggerating discord. Although platforms like Facebook claim they don’t block content, their algorithms shape what people see, making “free speech” more about reach than expression. Critics argue this severs the direct link between speakers and audiences, shifting control from individuals to algorithms.

In what is now called the “algorithmic society,” platforms and search engines wield influence aver speech, akin to how nation-states once governed it. Legal scholars argue that current free speech protections are insufficient, as social media platforms play an active role in shaping public discourse. Algorithm transparency is proposed as a solution, but there is no neutral way to design social media.

Efforts to mitigate algorithmic control, such as chronological feeds, have limitations. Yet platforms like X now offer users the option to curate their own content. Francis Fukuyama suggests “middleware” as a third solution, allowing users more control over what they see by using independent content filters.

As social media matures, control might shift from tech companies and politicians to users. A growing number of people now prefer closed, private group chats over public sharing, signaling a desire for more accountable, less sensationalized online spaces. The future of algorithms could lie with the people, not big tech.

Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8e4p4297eo
What is the main idea of the passage?

Rock weathering is a process of weakening and breaking down of rocks and minerals. Both non-living elements, such as variations in temperature, flora and fauna, acids, salts, and liquid or solid water, can cause this. Rocks on the Earth’s surface tend to weather faster than those underground. Weathering is one of the processes that lead to soil production.

Different types of weathering affect rocks. These consist of chemical weathering, biological weathering, and physical or mechanical weathering. The process of physical weathering essentially fragments. rocks. Freezing and thawing water is one way that physical deterioration occurs. Water may easily pass through any pores or fissures in rocks while it is liquid. The water will expand inside those rocks if it freezes.

A weathering process known as honeycomb weathering can be triggered by salt. By capillary action, groundwater pours into rock pores and finally evaporates. This produces crystals of salt, which raise the pressure within rocks. The rocks will eventually break. This may leave behind honeycomb-like salt crystal pits. In dry areas, salt crystallization weathering is frequently observed.
Extremes in temperature can also have an impact on how rocks weather. Thermal stress is one term for one kind of physical weathering process. This is a typical feature of desert regions, where overnight lows can be relatively chilly and midday highs can be extremely hot. Over time, rocks that experience frequent extreme temperature swings will eventually fracture and flake, the process known as exfoliation.

TEXT 2

The deterioration and corrosion of racks, metal, and man-made materials is known as weathering. Chemical and physical weathering are the two primary categories. Acid rain is one instance of chemical weathering for rocks. Scientists believe that rock weathering can play important role in preventing global warming by controlling the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. The elements contained in volcanic rocks react with water or air in the atmosphere and absorb carbon.

Natural rock weathering process can take millions of years, making it too slow to counteract global warming. However, rock weathering accelerates when the rock is crushed into fine dust. It is distributed throughout croplands worldwide. This enhanced rock weathering has the potential to store 215 billion tons of carbon dioxide aver the course of the next 75 years, according to previous study.

Researchers from University of California applied crushed rock, both metabasalt and olivine, on 5 acres of a fallowed confield in the Sacramento valley. In comparison to plots without crushed rock, they discover that during the study, the crushed rock plots stored 0.15 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare. If this amount of carbon was removed across California cropland, it would equivalent to taking 350,000 cars off the road per year.

It appears that many hardworking researchers are now looking for answers to how process of rock weathering occurs in dry areas.
It is known that dry lands cover 41% of earth/stotal area, and they are growing as a result of climate change. This according to some prominent researchers, makes it even more crucial into Improved rock weathering in dry lands.
Which of the following sentences from Text 2 is the author’s opinion?

Rock weathering is a process of weakening and breaking down of rocks and minerals. Both non-living elements, such as variations in temperature, flora and fauna, acids, salts, and liquid or solid water, can cause this. Rocks on the Earth’s surface tend to weather faster than those underground. Weathering is one of the processes that lead to soil production.

Different types of weathering affect rocks. These consist of chemical weathering, biological weathering, and physical or mechanical weathering. The process of physical weathering essentially fragments. rocks. Freezing and thawing water is one way that physical deterioration occurs. Water may easily pass through any pores or fissures in rocks while it is liquid. The water will expand inside those rocks if it freezes.

A weathering process known as honeycomb weathering can be triggered by salt. By capillary action, groundwater pours into rock pores and finally evaporates. This produces crystals of salt, which raise the pressure within rocks. The rocks will eventually break. This may leave behind honeycomb-like salt crystal pits. In dry areas, salt crystallization weathering is frequently observed.
Extremes in temperature can also have an impact on how rocks weather. Thermal stress is one term for one kind of physical weathering process. This is a typical feature of desert regions, where overnight lows can be relatively chilly and midday highs can be extremely hot. Over time, rocks that experience frequent extreme temperature swings will eventually fracture and flake, the process known as exfoliation.

TEXT 2

The deterioration and corrosion of racks, metal, and man-made materials is known as weathering. Chemical and physical weathering are the two primary categories. Acid rain is one instance of chemical weathering for rocks. Scientists believe that rock weathering can play important role in preventing global warming by controlling the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. The elements contained in volcanic rocks react with water or air in the atmosphere and absorb carbon.

Natural rock weathering process can take millions of years, making it too slow to counteract global warming. However, rock weathering accelerates when the rock is crushed into fine dust. It is distributed throughout croplands worldwide. This enhanced rock weathering has the potential to store 215 billion tons of carbon dioxide aver the course of the next 75 years, according to previous study.

Researchers from University of California applied crushed rock, both metabasalt and olivine, on 5 acres of a fallowed confield in the Sacramento valley. In comparison to plots without crushed rock, they discover that during the study, the crushed rock plots stored 0.15 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare. If this amount of carbon was removed across California cropland, it would equivalent to taking 350,000 cars off the road per year.

It appears that many hardworking researchers are now looking for answers to how process of rock weathering occurs in dry areas.
It is known that dry lands cover 41% of earth/stotal area, and they are growing as a result of climate change. This according to some prominent researchers, makes it even more crucial into Improved rock weathering in dry lands.
What is the relationship between Text 1 and Text 2?

An actor creates and performs a character by using cognitive empathy or Theory of Mind (ToM). It is the ability to represent others’mental states. ToM plays a critical role in understanding and navigating social situations. Reflection into the character’s mental life depends on the actor’s approach to character performance. This may be an important part of the character-creation process. This process involves the exploration of the history, motivation, beliefs, and values of the character.
This exploration often goes well beyond the information contained within the script. In other words, for many actors, creating a character involves a complex application of ToM, which includes several brain regions such as the temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate/precuneus

The temporoparietal junction works in processing and judgments of self and others. According to some studies, overcoming self-other interference and ToM is a deeply integrated process. Finding show that simulating others has been shown to influence self-knowledge. In this simulation, trait and memory measures become similar to a simulated other after adopting their perspective. Some brain regions are deactivated when trained actors use the first person fictional perspective of a character to answer questions. This is in contrast to a situation when actors answered questions from their own perspective. It suggests that acting may involve the suppression of self-processing. Adapted from.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

TEXT 2

According to a recent study, when actors take on a new character, they may be able to suppress their everyday self. This implies that theater training may have big impact on the fundamental mechanisms of the human brain. Researchers in this study worked in collaboration with Flute Theater. They created and delivered interactive productions of Shakespeare for autistic individuals and their families. They used a series of sensory drama games, known as the Hunter Heartbeat Method.

The team used wearable brain imaging technologies and physiological measurement devices. They were first introduced at UCLS Department of Biomedical Engineering. Both devices were used to evaluate the brain activity of actors as they rehearsed scenes from Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream.

The findings showed that when the actors heard their own name during the performance. their responds was suppressed in the left anterior prefrontal cortex of the brain.
This usually associated with self-awareness The same result was witnessed consistently in six actors who were tested when rehearsing several times over a week. Meanwhile, when the performers were not in acting conditions, they responded normally to hearing their own name.

According to the lead researcher, this is the first time that neuroscientists have been able to record brain activity in actors as they perform a role. We hope that this study will help us understand what theater training does to the brain and to build new connections between neuroscientists and theater professionals.
What is the relationship between Text 1 and Text 2?

TEXT 1

Social media advertising is a type of digital marketing that utilizes social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and instagram to deliver paid advertisements to your target audience in a quick and effective way to connect with customers and boost your marketing campaigns

By leveraging various data sources. advertisers are able to hyper target their audiences and deliver personalized content based on demographics and user behavior. When an audience social media advertisers may see more interaction and conversion. Social media advertisements are also cost effective, offering the potential for high rates. of return.

Social media advertising is a must if you want to quickly reach new target markets. More and more companies including the world’s top performing brands utilize social media companies and reach out to new consumers. To keep up with the competition, we need to earn how these ads work and how they can benefit your company.

Because both the internet and the content marketing are constantly evolving, there are many ways to go about your advertising strategy on social media platforms: the types of advertising your preferred platforms and the audience you want to reach.

When considering social media advertising options, such as which advertising platform to use, remember that each platform has its own audience. That means you want to choose customers. If you are already active on social media, pay attention to which platforms perform well and which organic posts get the most interaction to target the best audience.

TEXT 2

How effective are advertisements on social media? Social media advertisements are just one of the innumerable ways to reach consumers today, alongside TV print, podcast, out-of-home advertising, and long list of other digital channels and guerilla tactics.
In the world of advertising, media is more fragmented than it has ever been. When it comes to how effective social media advertising is, the data offers brands some good news. “Promisingly 26% of social media users say they tend to buy brands they see advertised”

Clearly, adverts are not the only way for customers to discover brands. However, if you build your strategy around social media advertising, it is crucial to get it right 90% of customers globally say they have visited a social network in the past month. Meanwhile, global social media advertising spending is projected to grow 15% annually through 2024. Nevertheless, with so many social media advertisements saturating our feeds, standing out is key.

50. how exactly can you optimize your brand’s social media presence to inspire and engage your audience? Using the latest social media report, we sent out to explore exactly these issues. It starts with a lock on the audience. Around the world, 27% of social media users say they use social media platforms primarily to research and find products to buy. Gen Z and millennials make up 68% of these using social media for product discovery. That is surprising, given they are among the heavisest users of social media globally. Unlike their older counterparts, who use social media more moderately, millennials spend over 2.5 hours per day on social media, and Gen Z spend just under 3 hours per day on various platforms. Hence, there are three keys to keep up in mind to increase effectiveness and get more bang for your advertising buck. Those are knowing the audience, making social media frictionless, and lastly using social media to inform
Which of the following statements expresses the main idea of Text 1?

Artificial Intelligence (Al) is rapidly entering health care and serving major roles. These include automating routine tasks in medical practice and managing medical resources. As developers create Al systems to take on these tasks, several risks and challenges emerge.

The most obvious risk is that Al systems will sometimes be wrong. This can result in patient injury or other health-care problems An Al system possibly recommends the wrong drug for a patient or fails to notice a tumor on a radiological scan. Of course, many injuries occur due to medical error in the health care system today, even without the involvement of Al. Al errors potentially different for at least two reasons. First, patients and providers may react differently to injuries resulting from software than from human error. Second, if Al systems become widespread, an underlying problem in one Al system might result in injuries to thousands of patients.

Moreover, training Al systems requires large amount of data from sources. However, health data are often problematic. Data are typically fragmented across many different systems. Even aside from the variety just mentioned, patients typically see different providers and switch insurance companies. This would lead to data split in multiple systems and multiple formats.

Another set of risks arise around privacy. The requirement of large datasets creates incentives for developers to collect such data from many patients. Some patients may be concerned that this collection may violate their privacy. In fact, lawsuits have been filled based on data-sharing between large health care systems and Al developers.

The integration of Al into the health system will undoubtedly change the role of health care providers.
A hopeful vision is that providers will be enabled to provide more-personalized and better care, freed to spend more time interacting with patients as humans. A less hopeful vision would see providers struggling to weather monsoon of uninterpretable predictions and recommendations from competing algorithms In either case, medical education will need to prepare providers to evaluate and interpret the Al systems they will encounter in the evolving health care environment.

Adapted from https/www.brooking edu/
How are ideas in paragraph 4 and paragraph 5 in the passage related?

Artificial Intelligence (Al) is rapidly entering health care and serving major roles. These include automating routine tasks in medical practice and managing medical resources. As developers create Al systems to take on these tasks, several risks and challenges emerge.

The most obvious risk is that Al systems will sometimes be wrong. This can result in patient injury or other health-care problems An Al system possibly recommends the wrong drug for a patient or fails to notice a tumor on a radiological scan. Of course, many injuries occur due to medical error in the health care system today, even without the involvement of Al. Al errors potentially different for at least two reasons. First, patients and providers may react differently to injuries resulting from software than from human error. Second, if Al systems become widespread, an underlying problem in one Al system might result in injuries to thousands of patients.

Moreover, training Al systems requires large amount of data from sources. However, health data are often problematic. Data are typically fragmented across many different systems. Even aside from the variety just mentioned, patients typically see different providers and switch insurance companies. This would lead to data split in multiple systems and multiple formats.

Another set of risks arise around privacy. The requirement of large datasets creates incentives for developers to collect such data from many patients. Some patients may be concerned that this collection may violate their privacy. In fact, lawsuits have been filled based on data-sharing between large health care systems and Al developers.

The integration of Al into the health system will undoubtedly change the role of health care providers.
A hopeful vision is that providers will be enabled to provide more-personalized and better care, freed to spend more time interacting with patients as humans. A less hopeful vision would see providers struggling to weather monsoon of uninterpretable predictions and recommendations from competing algorithms In either case, medical education will need to prepare providers to evaluate and interpret the Al systems they will encounter in the evolving health care environment.

Adapted from https/www.brooking edu/
The author holds the assumption about Al developers that….

From small committees to national elections, group decision making can be complicated. Unfortunately, it may not always settle on the best choice. That’s partly because some members of the group do research on their own, and others take their cues from the people around them.

That distinction is readily observed around election time. “Many voters couldn’t tell you the policy platforms for the candidates they’re voting for,” says applied mathematician Vicky Chuqiao Yang at the Santa Fe Institute. “Many individuals are uninformed, and they’re most likely to rely on information they get from others.”

Social scientists have long sought ways to study the phenomenon of group decision-making, but that’s a tricky undertaking. Researchers in a range of disciplines have tried to tackle the problem, with parallel efforts often leading to conflicting conclusions. Most existing models examine the effect of a single variable, which means they don’t capture the whole picture.

“The outcome of collective decision making is the result of complex interactions of many variables,” says Yang, “And those interactions are rarely taken into account” in previous work. To overcome that challenge, Yang recently developed a mathematical framework that captures the influence of multiple interactions among members of a group. “You can plug in multiple effects and see their behavior and how they manifest in the group at the same time,” she explains.

Those effects include the influence of social learners. The model predicted, for example, that decision-making groups have a critical threshold of people who get their information from others. Below that threshold, the group chooses the high-quality outcome. Above it, the group can end up choosing the better or worse option.

The mathematical model is both simple and general. It can accurately reflect the multitude of moving parts within a system.
The model also predicted a significant role for “committed minorities” or people who refuse to change their minds, no matter the evidence.

These committed minorities can be bolstered. Yang says, by social leamers, though every group is different. Yang says she hopes the model will help bring together parallel work from different disciplines. ……”but we don’t yet have a holistic understanding that gives a recipe for good collective decision making she said. “Our work brings us one step closer to it.”

Adipted from httpwww.scienodaily.com
What is the author message in the passage?

From small committees to national elections, group decision making can be complicated. Unfortunately, it may not always settle on the best choice. That’s partly because some members of the group do research on their own, and others take their cues from the people around them.

That distinction is readily observed around election time. “Many voters couldn’t tell you the policy platforms for the candidates they’re voting for,” says applied mathematician Vicky Chuqiao Yang at the Santa Fe Institute. “Many individuals are uninformed, and they’re most likely to rely on information they get from others.”

Social scientists have long sought ways to study the phenomenon of group decision-making, but that’s a tricky undertaking. Researchers in a range of disciplines have tried to tackle the problem, with parallel efforts often leading to conflicting conclusions. Most existing models examine the effect of a single variable, which means they don’t capture the whole picture.

“The outcome of collective decision making is the result of complex interactions of many variables,” says Yang, “And those interactions are rarely taken into account” in previous work. To overcome that challenge, Yang recently developed a mathematical framework that captures the influence of multiple interactions among members of a group. “You can plug in multiple effects and see their behavior and how they manifest in the group at the same time,” she explains.

Those effects include the influence of social learners. The model predicted, for example, that decision-making groups have a critical threshold of people who get their information from others. Below that threshold, the group chooses the high-quality outcome. Above it, the group can end up choosing the better or worse option.

The mathematical model is both simple and general. It can accurately reflect the multitude of moving parts within a system.
The model also predicted a significant role for “committed minorities” or people who refuse to change their minds, no matter the evidence.

These committed minorities can be bolstered. Yang says, by social leamers, though every group is different. Yang says she hopes the model will help bring together parallel work from different disciplines. ……”but we don’t yet have a holistic understanding that gives a recipe for good collective decision making she said. “Our work brings us one step closer to it.”

Adipted from httpwww.scienodaily.com
Vicky Chuqiao Yang’s argument that collective decision-making is influenced by multiple variables is similar to the relationship between…

Without audience, men run slower and women faster. The lack of spectators during the coronavirus pandemic appears to have had a noticeable effect on the performance of athletes at the 2020 Biathlon World Cup, a new study by Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) in Psychology of Sport and Exercise shows. According to the new analysis, women also perform better in complex tasks, such as shooting, when an audience was present while men did not.

‘Social facilitation theory states that a person’s performance is impacted if other people watch them. The mere presence of an audience improves the performance of simple tasks, especially those that require stamina. “The studies have been relatively clear so far. “However, the results are more heterogeneous when it comes to more complex coordinative tasks, explains Amelie Heinrich from the Institute of Sports Science at MLU. In general, it is assumed that performance tends to get worse when there is an audience.

Heinrich is a sports psychology expert. She coaches Germany’s junior biathlon squad. In her new study, she took advantage of the special situation in sport caused by the coronavirus. She compared the running times and shooting successes of male and female biathletes from the 2018/2019 season with their performances in the 2020 season in the sprint and mass start events. “The men’s results were as expected. They ran faster with an audience present, but performed more poorly in shooting,” says Heinrich. While cross-country skiing mainly requires stamina, shooting is a coordinative task. “Interestingly, it was the other way around for women. They ran slower in the presence of spectators, but on average, it took them an entire second less to make their shot and, at least in the sprint, their scoring performance was five percent higher.

“To our knowledge, this is the first time that a study was able to show a different effect of the audience on men and women,” says Professor Oliver Stoll, head of the sports psychology section at MLU….

Adapted from:https//www.sciencedaily.com/
Which of the following sentences can complete the missing sentence in the last paragraph?

Without audience, men run slower and women faster. The lack of spectators during the coronavirus pandemic appears to have had a noticeable effect on the performance of athletes at the 2020 Biathlon World Cup, a new study by Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) in Psychology of Sport and Exercise shows. According to the new analysis, women also perform better in complex tasks, such as shooting, when an audience was present while men did not.

‘Social facilitation theory states that a person’s performance is impacted if other people watch them. The mere presence of an audience improves the performance of simple tasks, especially those that require stamina. “The studies have been relatively clear so far. “However, the results are more heterogeneous when it comes to more complex coordinative tasks, explains Amelie Heinrich from the Institute of Sports Science at MLU. In general, it is assumed that performance tends to get worse when there is an audience.

Heinrich is a sports psychology expert. She coaches Germany’s junior biathlon squad. In her new study, she took advantage of the special situation in sport caused by the coronavirus. She compared the running times and shooting successes of male and female biathletes from the 2018/2019 season with their performances in the 2020 season in the sprint and mass start events. “The men’s results were as expected. They ran faster with an audience present, but performed more poorly in shooting,” says Heinrich. While cross-country skiing mainly requires stamina, shooting is a coordinative task. “Interestingly, it was the other way around for women. They ran slower in the presence of spectators, but on average, it took them an entire second less to make their shot and, at least in the sprint, their scoring performance was five percent higher.

“To our knowledge, this is the first time that a study was able to show a different effect of the audience on men and women,” says Professor Oliver Stoll, head of the sports psychology section at MLU….

Adapted from:https//www.sciencedaily.com/
Which of the following expresses the author’s message?