Urban farming, once considered a niche hobby, has evolved into a significant movement addressing food security and environmental concerns. From rooftop gardens to vertical farms inside abandoned warehouses, cities are turning unused spaces into productive agricultural hubs. This trend is not only about producing food but also about rethinking how cities interact with nature.
Proponents argue that urban farming reduces the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from rural areas to urban markets. Fresh produce grown within city limits can be delivered quickly to consumers, preserving nutritional quality and minimizing waste. Moreover, these green spaces can improve air quality, reduce urban heat, and even foster community engagement.
However, critics question whether urban farming can produce food on a scale large enough to feed dense populations. They also raise concerns about high startup costs, especially for technologically advanced farms that rely on artificial lighting and climate control systems. Despite these challenges, success stories from cities like Singapore, Tokyo, and New York demonstrate that with innovation and policy support, urban farming can be both viable and profitable.
As global populations increasingly concentrate in cities, the ability to grow food locally may become not just an option, but a necessity for sustainable urban living.
Which statement best summarizes the passage?

Urban farming, once considered a niche hobby, has evolved into a significant movement addressing food security and environmental concerns. From rooftop gardens to vertical farms inside abandoned warehouses, cities are turning unused spaces into productive agricultural hubs. This trend is not only about producing food but also about rethinking how cities interact with nature.
Proponents argue that urban farming reduces the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from rural areas to urban markets. Fresh produce grown within city limits can be delivered quickly to consumers, preserving nutritional quality and minimizing waste. Moreover, these green spaces can improve air quality, reduce urban heat, and even foster community engagement.
However, critics question whether urban farming can produce food on a scale large enough to feed dense populations. They also raise concerns about high startup costs, especially for technologically advanced farms that rely on artificial lighting and climate control systems. Despite these challenges, success stories from cities like Singapore, Tokyo, and New York demonstrate that with innovation and policy support, urban farming can be both viable and profitable.
As global populations increasingly concentrate in cities, the ability to grow food locally may become not just an option, but a necessity for sustainable urban living.
The word “these” in paragraph two refers to…

Streaming Platforms and Recommendation Algorithms
Streaming platforms, such as Netflix and Spotify, are praised for their personalized recommendation systems. Once the algorithm adapts to a user’s tastes, the platform can provide content that feels tailored and engaging. Many users find themselves spending hours exploring content because every suggestion matches their interests.
However, these recommendation systems are not without limitations. One challenge is the creation of a “filter bubble,” where users are mostly exposed to content similar to what they already enjoy. This can limit diversity and prevent discovery of new genres or topics. Additionally, platforms must be careful with sensitive content, such as graphic violence or adult themes. Algorithms may restrict the recommendation of such content to prevent exposing a general audience to material that could be disturbing.
Streaming Platforms and…..

Streaming Platforms and Recommendation Algorithms
Streaming platforms, such as Netflix and Spotify, are praised for their personalized recommendation systems. Once the algorithm adapts to a user’s tastes, the platform can provide content that feels tailored and engaging. Many users find themselves spending hours exploring content because every suggestion matches their interests.
However, these recommendation systems are not without limitations. One challenge is the creation of a “filter bubble,” where users are mostly exposed to content similar to what they already enjoy. This can limit diversity and prevent discovery of new genres or topics. Additionally, platforms must be careful with sensitive content, such as graphic violence or adult themes. Algorithms may restrict the recommendation of such content to prevent exposing a general audience to material that could be disturbing.
On the basis of the passage, it can be predicted that …

Surabaya Struggling with Increasing Waste Problems
Surabaya, with a population exceeding 10 million, produces roughly 7,000 tons of waste daily. Over the past five years, the total waste generated could fill several of the city’s tallest buildings several times over, illustrating the sheer scale of the problem.
The growing piles of garbage, combined with inefficient waste management, have pushed the city toward a crisis. Many landfills are nearing full capacity, and residents are concerned about where future waste can be safely disposed of. Communities living near landfills are particularly affected, dealing with foul odors and health hazards caused by decomposing waste and scattered plastics.
The polluted runoff from these landfills contaminates local rivers, which people still use for washing and recreation. During heavy rainfall, the heaps of trash can collapse or overflow, creating additional hazards. Despite these risks, landfill workers continue to operate machinery to pile up waste, as there are no alternative disposal sites available.
Authorities in surrounding areas, such as Sidoarjo and Gresik, had planned to use a newly built Tanjung Landfill for overflow, but the facility remains closed due to legal disputes between the local government and the contractor. Additionally, disagreements among the municipalities about waste quotas have delayed full operation.
Although Surabaya has implemented modern solutions such as sanitary landfills and waste-to-energy plants, these efforts are still insufficient to cope with the city’s rapidly growing waste output. The measures provide some relief but cannot keep pace with the increasing daily tonnage.
According to the passage, the entity most likely to blame for the waste crisis in Surabaya is …

South Korea’s Rapid Industrial Growth
South Korea’s impressive economic growth over the past four decades is largely attributed to its technological advancements. South Koreans have a strong respect for innovation and are quick to adopt and improve upon foreign technologies. By effectively integrating these technologies into their industries, they have achieved remarkable increases in productivity. For example, if the production index in South Korea’s manufacturing sector was 100 in 1970, it rose to 500 by 1990. Analysts estimate that nearly half of this extraordinary growth was driven by technological innovation, demonstrating the crucial role of technology in the country’s economic development. The paragraph mainly talks about …

Social media algorithms, introduced by Facebook in 2009, have revolutionized how we interact online, yet they present challenges akin to unruly teenagers, amplifying harmful content and disinformation. Governments worldwide are trying to curb these excesses: Brazil temporarily banned X (formerly Twitter), the EU threatened tech firms with fines for election interference, the UK introduced an online safety act, and the US proposed a TikTok ban.

Critics argue these actions threaten free speech, reminiscent of John Perry Barlow’s 1996 essay urging governments to stay out of cyberspace. Free speech advocates like Adam Candeub, a former advisor to President Trump, fear government control but also criticize social media’s polarizing effect, exacerbated by algorithms. Candeub believes in a “marketplace of ideas where speech should compete freely, but others, like Yale lecturer Asha Rangappa, argue that algorithms distort this marketplace, giving preference to sensational content rather than fostering democratic debate.

Early social media functioned as a public sphere, but today, algorithms decide what users see, often amplifying controversial topics for engagement. This skews public discourse, misrepresenting majority opinions and exaggerating discord. Although platforms like Facebook claim they don’t block content, their algorithms shape what people see, making “free speech” more about reach than expression. Critics argue this severs the direct link between speakers and audiences, shifting control from individuals to algorithms.

In what is now called the “algorithmic society,” platforms and search engines wield influence aver speech, akin to how nation-states once governed it. Legal scholars argue that current free speech protections are insufficient, as social media platforms play an active role in shaping public discourse. Algorithm transparency is proposed as a solution, but there is no neutral way to design social media.

Efforts to mitigate algorithmic control, such as chronological feeds, have limitations. Yet platforms like X now offer users the option to curate their own content. Francis Fukuyama suggests “middleware” as a third solution, allowing users more control over what they see by using independent content filters.

As social media matures, control might shift from tech companies and politicians to users. A growing number of people now prefer closed, private group chats over public sharing, signaling a desire for more accountable, less sensationalized online spaces. The future of algorithms could lie with the people, not big tech.

Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8e4p4297eo
What is the primary purpose of the text?

Social media algorithms, introduced by Facebook in 2009, have revolutionized how we interact online, yet they present challenges akin to unruly teenagers, amplifying harmful content and disinformation. Governments worldwide are trying to curb these excesses: Brazil temporarily banned X (formerly Twitter), the EU threatened tech firms with fines for election interference, the UK introduced an online safety act, and the US proposed a TikTok ban.

Critics argue these actions threaten free speech, reminiscent of John Perry Barlow’s 1996 essay urging governments to stay out of cyberspace. Free speech advocates like Adam Candeub, a former advisor to President Trump, fear government control but also criticize social media’s polarizing effect, exacerbated by algorithms. Candeub believes in a “marketplace of ideas where speech should compete freely, but others, like Yale lecturer Asha Rangappa, argue that algorithms distort this marketplace, giving preference to sensational content rather than fostering democratic debate.

Early social media functioned as a public sphere, but today, algorithms decide what users see, often amplifying controversial topics for engagement. This skews public discourse, misrepresenting majority opinions and exaggerating discord. Although platforms like Facebook claim they don’t block content, their algorithms shape what people see, making “free speech” more about reach than expression. Critics argue this severs the direct link between speakers and audiences, shifting control from individuals to algorithms.

In what is now called the “algorithmic society,” platforms and search engines wield influence aver speech, akin to how nation-states once governed it. Legal scholars argue that current free speech protections are insufficient, as social media platforms play an active role in shaping public discourse. Algorithm transparency is proposed as a solution, but there is no neutral way to design social media.

Efforts to mitigate algorithmic control, such as chronological feeds, have limitations. Yet platforms like X now offer users the option to curate their own content. Francis Fukuyama suggests “middleware” as a third solution, allowing users more control over what they see by using independent content filters.

As social media matures, control might shift from tech companies and politicians to users. A growing number of people now prefer closed, private group chats over public sharing, signaling a desire for more accountable, less sensationalized online spaces. The future of algorithms could lie with the people, not big tech.

Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8e4p4297eo
What would be a logical continuation of the ideas presented in the passage?

Text 1

The arrival of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s changed the nature of tech toys and education hardware and software. Smart Toy Lab, an Intel and Mattel joint venture launched in 1998, developed the first web-connected interactive toys, or “smart toys.” Among the first toys the lab developed were the QX3 Microscope, which featured a built-in video camera that sent images to a PC via a USB link, and the Me2Cam, which let children play interactive games using gestures to move “objects” on the screen. Some early internet-connected toys and educational devices were criticized for violating children’s privacy by collecting personal information without parental consent. For example. Hello Barbie was released in 2015 and featured a built-in microphone and voice recognition software, as well as a Wi-Fi connection. The doll’s call-and-response function was a precursor to Amazon’s Alexa/Echo and Apple’s Siri voice assistants. However, hackers soon figured out how to break into the toy’s system and access users private information. Today many children from toddlers to teenagers regularly use tablets, smartphones, and virtual environments for entertainment and educational purposes. Pandemic-related restrictions have increased children’s reliance on these and other technologies to connect with the outside world. With increased use of these products comes heightened prospects of damage and abuse.

Text 2

sourse testine meryville edublog/children-and technology

Children are especially susceptible to tech-nology overuse. The American Psychological Association (APA) recommends limiting the use of technology to one hour per day of high-quality programming for children ages 2 to 5. For children ages 6 and up, it’s most important to set consistent limits on various types of media, such as gaming devices and smartphones. APA suggests that parents focus on the content on children’s screens and how the children are interacting with it. A survey of research on the possible negative effects of technology on children establishes a connection between the level of a child’s use of technology and various developmental and behavior problems such as lack of attention, aggressive behaviors, obesity, physical inactivity, sleep problems, musculoskeletal problems related to a sedentary lifestyle, greater risk of lifetime obesity and cardiovascular disease, sleep disturbances, and poor-quality sleep for children who overuse social media or keep mobile devices in their bedroom.
Which of the following statements best restate the statement “Pandemic-related restrictions have increased children’s reliance on these and other technologies to connect with the outside world.” in Text 1 Paragraph 3?

Text 1

The arrival of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s changed the nature of tech toys and education hardware and software. Smart Toy Lab, an Intel and Mattel joint venture launched in 1998, developed the first web-connected interactive toys, or “smart toys.” Among the first toys the lab developed were the QX3 Microscope, which featured a built-in video camera that sent images to a PC via a USB link, and the Me2Cam, which let children play interactive games using gestures to move “objects” on the screen. Some early internet-connected toys and educational devices were criticized for violating children’s privacy by collecting personal information without parental consent. For example. Hello Barbie was released in 2015 and featured a built-in microphone and voice recognition software, as well as a Wi-Fi connection. The doll’s call-and-response function was a precursor to Amazon’s Alexa/Echo and Apple’s Siri voice assistants. However, hackers soon figured out how to break into the toy’s system and access users private information. Today many children from toddlers to teenagers regularly use tablets, smartphones, and virtual environments for entertainment and educational purposes. Pandemic-related restrictions have increased children’s reliance on these and other technologies to connect with the outside world. With increased use of these products comes heightened prospects of damage and abuse.

Text 2

sourse testine meryville edublog/children-and technology

Children are especially susceptible to tech-nology overuse. The American Psychological Association (APA) recommends limiting the use of technology to one hour per day of high-quality programming for children ages 2 to 5. For children ages 6 and up, it’s most important to set consistent limits on various types of media, such as gaming devices and smartphones. APA suggests that parents focus on the content on children’s screens and how the children are interacting with it. A survey of research on the possible negative effects of technology on children establishes a connection between the level of a child’s use of technology and various developmental and behavior problems such as lack of attention, aggressive behaviors, obesity, physical inactivity, sleep problems, musculoskeletal problems related to a sedentary lifestyle, greater risk of lifetime obesity and cardiovascular disease, sleep disturbances, and poor-quality sleep for children who overuse social media or keep mobile devices in their bedroom.
Which of the following statements expresses the main idea of Text 2?

TEXT 1

Many young people will enter adulthood without knowledge and skills in finance. Young people need to have financial knowledge and skills. With these skills, they can make informed choices about their money. Consider these alarming statistics. Young Americans owe over $1 trillion in debt. More than 70% of millenials live paycheck to paycheck. They always run out of money before getting their salary. Young people need financial education.

Financial literacy is the combined knowledge and skills to make responsible financial decisions. It contributes to a sense of financial security and well-being. Knowledge of financial concepts includes saving, investing. spending, and borrowing. It is the foundation of financial literacy. Understanding credit management and asset building is also critical to healthy financial life. It includes how to reduce debt and avoid scams.

Low financial literacy threatens the well-being of individuals and families. Without al solid financial foundation, the youth are more susceptible to predatory lending. They also do not know how to manage debts and expenses. As a result, they get to lifelong financial inequity.

Low financial literacy can make people. miss wealth opportunities. It reduces access to higher education and professional development training. When young people lack financial knowledge, they are more likely to become trapped in cycles of poverty and debt. For example, poor spending and borrowing habits often result in low credit scores. In turn, it contributes to higher financial insecurity.

Financial education is fundamental to improving financial health and well-being for our communities. However, developing financial capability is the ultimate goal. Financial capability is what happens when financial literacy knowledge is practiced and applied. It becomes second nature. Financial literacy drives behavior that consistently leads to positive economic outcomes. It gives individuals the confidence to make informed financial decisions.
As such, they can take advantage of opportunities and build financial security for themselves and their families.

Financial education is fundamental to improving financial health and well-being for our communities. However, developing financial capability is the ultimate goal. Financial capability is what happens when financial literacy knowledge is practiced and applied. It becomes second nature. Financial literacy drives behavior that consistently leads to positive economic outcomes. It gives individuals the confidence to make informed financial decisions. As such, they can take advantage of opportunities and build financial security for themselves and their families

TEXT 2

As a teenager, have you ever seen your parents discussing something related to money? When you try to join conversation, do they either switch the topic? Do they say something like “We are doing something important, don’t disturb?” Most of us wonder why they do this. Well, you are not exactly financially illiterate. They think it would be of no help at the moment. “Financial literacy is defined as the ability to “understand and use various financial skills.”

This includes budgeting, Investing, credit management, and personal financial management. It is considered to be one of the most undervalued skills. Financial literacy will determine a country’s future. Financial education is extremely important. It will help you in building wealth, achieving goals, tackling challenges in case of emergencies and securing your family’s present and future.

Involving teenagers in day to day money matters, like managing household expenses, helps open their mind to certain financial aspect. Doing so will certainly help them become more responsible towards their spending habit. They will eventually realize how to spend little amounts of money and save as much as possible for when they need it. Money is an essential commodity in today’s world. It is, therefore, important to master the concept of money management from the teenage years to achieve financial literacy.
The phrase “paycheck to paycheck” in Text 1 Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to…

TEXT 1

Many young people will enter adulthood without knowledge and skills in finance. Young people need to have financial knowledge and skills. With these skills, they can make informed choices about their money. Consider these alarming statistics. Young Americans owe over $1 trillion in debt. More than 70% of millenials live paycheck to paycheck. They always run out of money before getting their salary. Young people need financial education.

Financial literacy is the combined knowledge and skills to make responsible financial decisions. It contributes to a sense of financial security and well-being. Knowledge of financial concepts includes saving, investing. spending, and borrowing. It is the foundation of financial literacy. Understanding credit management and asset building is also critical to healthy financial life. It includes how to reduce debt and avoid scams.

Low financial literacy threatens the well-being of individuals and families. Without al solid financial foundation, the youth are more susceptible to predatory lending. They also do not know how to manage debts and expenses. As a result, they get to lifelong financial inequity.

Low financial literacy can make people. miss wealth opportunities. It reduces access to higher education and professional development training. When young people lack financial knowledge, they are more likely to become trapped in cycles of poverty and debt. For example, poor spending and borrowing habits often result in low credit scores. In turn, it contributes to higher financial insecurity.

Financial education is fundamental to improving financial health and well-being for our communities. However, developing financial capability is the ultimate goal. Financial capability is what happens when financial literacy knowledge is practiced and applied. It becomes second nature. Financial literacy drives behavior that consistently leads to positive economic outcomes. It gives individuals the confidence to make informed financial decisions.
As such, they can take advantage of opportunities and build financial security for themselves and their families.

Financial education is fundamental to improving financial health and well-being for our communities. However, developing financial capability is the ultimate goal. Financial capability is what happens when financial literacy knowledge is practiced and applied. It becomes second nature. Financial literacy drives behavior that consistently leads to positive economic outcomes. It gives individuals the confidence to make informed financial decisions. As such, they can take advantage of opportunities and build financial security for themselves and their families

TEXT 2

As a teenager, have you ever seen your parents discussing something related to money? When you try to join conversation, do they either switch the topic? Do they say something like “We are doing something important, don’t disturb?” Most of us wonder why they do this. Well, you are not exactly financially illiterate. They think it would be of no help at the moment. “Financial literacy is defined as the ability to “understand and use various financial skills.”

This includes budgeting, Investing, credit management, and personal financial management. It is considered to be one of the most undervalued skills. Financial literacy will determine a country’s future. Financial education is extremely important. It will help you in building wealth, achieving goals, tackling challenges in case of emergencies and securing your family’s present and future.

Involving teenagers in day to day money matters, like managing household expenses, helps open their mind to certain financial aspect. Doing so will certainly help them become more responsible towards their spending habit. They will eventually realize how to spend little amounts of money and save as much as possible for when they need it. Money is an essential commodity in today’s world. It is, therefore, important to master the concept of money management from the teenage years to achieve financial literacy.
What is the main idea of Text 1?

TEXT 1

Social media advertising is a type of digital marketing that utilizes social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and instagram to deliver paid advertisements to your target audience in a quick and effective way to connect with customers and boost your marketing campaigns

By leveraging various data sources. advertisers are able to hyper target their audiences and deliver personalized content based on demographics and user behavior. When an audience social media advertisers may see more interaction and conversion. Social media advertisements are also cost effective, offering the potential for high rates. of return.

Social media advertising is a must if you want to quickly reach new target markets. More and more companies including the world’s top performing brands utilize social media companies and reach out to new consumers. To keep up with the competition, we need to earn how these ads work and how they can benefit your company.

Because both the internet and the content marketing are constantly evolving, there are many ways to go about your advertising strategy on social media platforms: the types of advertising your preferred platforms and the audience you want to reach.

When considering social media advertising options, such as which advertising platform to use, remember that each platform has its own audience. That means you want to choose customers. If you are already active on social media, pay attention to which platforms perform well and which organic posts get the most interaction to target the best audience.

TEXT 2

How effective are advertisements on social media? Social media advertisements are just one of the innumerable ways to reach consumers today, alongside TV print, podcast, out-of-home advertising, and long list of other digital channels and guerilla tactics.
In the world of advertising, media is more fragmented than it has ever been. When it comes to how effective social media advertising is, the data offers brands some good news. “Promisingly 26% of social media users say they tend to buy brands they see advertised”

Clearly, adverts are not the only way for customers to discover brands. However, if you build your strategy around social media advertising, it is crucial to get it right 90% of customers globally say they have visited a social network in the past month. Meanwhile, global social media advertising spending is projected to grow 15% annually through 2024. Nevertheless, with so many social media advertisements saturating our feeds, standing out is key.

So. how exactly can you optimize your brand’s social media presence to inspire and engage your audience? Using the latest social media report, we sent out to explore exactly these issues. It starts with a lock on the audience. Around the world, 27% of social media users say they use social media platforms primarily to research and find products to buy. Gen Z and millennials make up 68% of these using social media for product discovery. That is surprising, given they are among the heavisest users of social media globally. Unlike their older counterparts, who use social media more moderately, millennials spend over 2.5 hours per day on social media, and Gen Z spend just under 3 hours per day on various platforms. Hence, there are three keys to keep up in mind to increase effectiveness and get more bang for your advertising buck. Those are knowing the audience, making social media frictionless, and lastly using social media to inform
to observe.
According to Text 1 the aims of using a variety of data sources for advertising are to…

TEXT 1

Social media advertising is a type of digital marketing that utilizes social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and instagram to deliver paid advertisements to your target audience in a quick and effective way to connect with customers and boost your marketing campaigns

By leveraging various data sources. advertisers are able to hyper target their audiences and deliver personalized content based on demographics and user behavior. When an audience social media advertisers may see more interaction and conversion. Social media advertisements are also cost effective, offering the potential for high rates. of return.

Social media advertising is a must if you want to quickly reach new target markets. More and more companies including the world’s top performing brands utilize social media companies and reach out to new consumers. To keep up with the competition, we need to earn how these ads work and how they can benefit your company.

Because both the internet and the content marketing are constantly evolving, there are many ways to go about your advertising strategy on social media platforms: the types of advertising your preferred platforms and the audience you want to reach.

When considering social media advertising options, such as which advertising platform to use, remember that each platform has its own audience. That means you want to choose customers. If you are already active on social media, pay attention to which platforms perform well and which organic posts get the most interaction to target the best audience.

TEXT 2

How effective are advertisements on social media? Social media advertisements are just one of the innumerable ways to reach consumers today, alongside TV print, podcast, out-of-home advertising, and long list of other digital channels and guerilla tactics.
In the world of advertising, media is more fragmented than it has ever been. When it comes to how effective social media advertising is, the data offers brands some good news. “Promisingly 26% of social media users say they tend to buy brands they see advertised”

Clearly, adverts are not the only way for customers to discover brands. However, if you build your strategy around social media advertising, it is crucial to get it right 90% of customers globally say they have visited a social network in the past month. Meanwhile, global social media advertising spending is projected to grow 15% annually through 2024. Nevertheless, with so many social media advertisements saturating our feeds, standing out is key.

So, how exactly can you optimize your brand’s social media presence to inspire and engage your audience? Using the latest social media report, we sent out to explore exactly these issues. It starts with a lock on the audience. Around the world, 27% of social media users say they use social media platforms primarily to research and find products to buy. Gen Z and millennials make up 68% of these using social media for product discovery. That is surprising, given they are among the heavisest users of social media globally. Unlike their older counterparts, who use social media more moderately, millennials spend over 2.5 hours per day on social media, and Gen Z spend just under 3 hours per day on various platforms. Hence, there are three keys to keep up in mind to increase effectiveness and get more bang for your advertising buck. Those are knowing the audience, making social media frictionless, and lastly using social media to inform
Which of the following shows the author’s supportive attitude toward the use of social media advertisements?

Researchers have debunked the myth that extreme sportsmen and women are adrenalin junkies with a death wish. According to Professor Brymer from Leeds Becket University, there had been a gross misunderstanding of what motivates people to take part in extreme sports. Many write it off as an activity for adrenalin junkies

His research has shown that people who engage in extreme sports are anything but irresponsible risk-takers with a death wish. They are highly trained individuals with a deep knowledge of themselves, the activity, and the environment. They usually do the activity to have a life-enhancing experience. The experience is very hard to describe in the same way that love is hard to describe. For example, Base jumpers talk about being able to see all the colours and nooks and crannies of the rock as they zoom past at 300km/h. Meanwhile, extreme climbers feel like they are floating and dancing with the rock.

Professor Schweitzer said understanding motivations for extreme sports was important to understand human. In fact, extreme sports participation facilitates more positive. psychological experiences and expresses human values. These include humility, harmony, creativity, spirituality, and a vital sense of self.
He added that extreme sports participants. found it hard to put their experiences into words. Thus, the research project had taken a new approach to understanding the data. His research team did not employ a theory-based approach which may make judgements that do not reflect the lived experience of extreme sports participants. Instead, they took a phenomenological approach. By doing so they were able to conceptualize such experiences. They could also investigate the choices to engage in activity which may lead to death. However, such experiences have been shown to be affirmative of life and the potential for transformation. Extreme sports have the potential to induce powerful states of consciousness and provide a further glimpse into what it means to be human.

Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com/
From paragraph 1, the author of the passage is trying to convey that….

Researchers have debunked the myth that extreme sportsmen and women are adrenalin junkies with a death wish. According to Professor Brymer from Leeds Becket University, there had been a gross misunderstanding of what motivates people to take part in extreme sports. Many write it off as an activity for adrenalin junkies

His research has shown that people who engage in extreme sports are anything but irresponsible risk-takers with a death wish. They are highly trained individuals with a deep knowledge of themselves, the activity, and the environment. They usually do the activity to have a life-enhancing experience. The experience is very hard to describe in the same way that love is hard to describe. For example, Base jumpers talk about being able to see all the colours and nooks and crannies of the rock as they zoom past at 300km/h. Meanwhile, extreme climbers feel like they are floating and dancing with the rock.

Professor Schweitzer said understanding motivations for extreme sports was important to understand human. In fact, extreme sports participation facilitates more positive. psychological experiences and expresses human values. These include humility, harmony, creativity, spirituality, and a vital sense of self.
He added that extreme sports participants. found it hard to put their experiences into words. Thus, the research project had taken a new approach to understanding the data. His research team did not employ a theory-based approach which may make judgements that do not reflect the lived experience of extreme sports participants. Instead, they took a phenomenological approach. By doing so they were able to conceptualize such experiences. They could also investigate the choices to engage in activity which may lead to death. However, such experiences have been shown to be affirmative of life and the potential for transformation. Extreme sports have the potential to induce powerful states of consciousness and provide a further glimpse into what it means to be human.

Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com/
The author describes the intentions behind people’s participation in extreme sports most effectively in paragraph (s)…

Improving the mental health and well being of young people is a global priority. Approximately 80% of the population will experience mental ill-health at some point in their life. 75% of mental disorders begin before the age of 25. Mental ill-health changes the course of young people’s lives. (…) It can also cut lives short through an increased risk of dying by suicide, treatment side effects, and higher rates of chronic physical health conditions. Good-quality, impactful research is essential to helping young people cope with mental health challenges. Young people with lived experience should be integral partners in designing, implementing and translating this research.

Expertise based on experience matters. Young people who experience mental health challenges can provide unique insights that others do not have. Through roles such as youth advisors and peer researchers, they can put that knowledge to use. They are best placed to make a participant information and consent form meaningful and comprehensible for people their age. They can advise whether an intervention is appealing and practical. In doing this, they should consider time and resource investment in development and testing. Involving people with lived experience in research helps to improve funding success. recruitment rates and research outcomes. Across the research cycle, young people can Increase the chance of research making a real difference.
Young people with the most relevant experience should be offered opportunities Typically, youth partners are not able to speak on behalf of all young people. However, it is Important to ensure that they have experiences that are relevant to the research area. Someone who has experienced suicidal ideation cannot necessarily speak to the needs of young people who hear voices. Representation of other intersecting experiences and contexts matters too. These may include experiences of voluntary versus involuntary treatment, genders and sexualities, and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adapted from https://www.nature.com/
Mental disorders result in… rates of chronic physical illness can shorten one’s life.

Improving the mental health and well being of young people is a global priority. Approximately 80% of the population will experience mental ill-health at some point in their life. 75% of mental disorders begin before the age of 25. Mental ill-health changes the course of young people’s lives. (…) It can also cut lives short through an increased risk of dying by suicide, treatment side effects, and higher rates of chronic physical health conditions. Good-quality, impactful research is essential to helping young people cope with mental health challenges. Young people with lived experience should be integral partners in designing, implementing and translating this research.

Expertise based on experience matters. Young people who experience mental health challenges can provide unique insights that others do not have. Through roles such as youth advisors and peer researchers, they can put that knowledge to use. They are best placed to make a participant information and consent form meaningful and comprehensible for people their age. They can advise whether an intervention is appealing and practical. In doing this, they should consider time and resource investment in development and testing. Involving people with lived experience in research helps to improve funding success. recruitment rates and research outcomes. Across the research cycle, young people can Increase the chance of research making a real difference.
Young people with the most relevant experience should be offered opportunities Typically, youth partners are not able to speak on behalf of all young people. However, it is Important to ensure that they have experiences that are relevant to the research area. Someone who has experienced suicidal ideation cannot necessarily speak to the needs of young people who hear voices. Representation of other intersecting experiences and contexts matters too. These may include experiences of voluntary versus involuntary treatment, genders and sexualities, and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adapted from https://www.nature.com/
The investment of time and resource should….. into account in designing and experimenting.

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
According to the passage, hypebeasts dedicate time to… their social media persona in order to escalate their social status.

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
Hypebeasts ….. with hyped-up fashion brands would ignore brands that are not hyped up online