In recent years, the nature of work has been undergoing a dramatic transformation. Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing how businesses operate, replacing routine tasks once done by humans. While many experts argue that technology will also create new opportunities—roles that require creativity, problem-solving, and emotional intelligence—this has raised concerns about job losses, skills machines cannot easily replicate.
Remote work, once rare, is now common in many industries, especially after the global pandemic forced companies to adapt. Employees enjoy the flexibility of working from home, while employers benefit from reduced operational costs. However, remote work also presents challenges: maintaining team collaboration, ensuring productivity, and preventing employee isolation.
As the workplace continues to evolve, adaptability becomes essential. Lifelong learning is no longer optional but a necessity to keep up with emerging tools and trends. Governments, educational institutions, and businesses must collaborate to prepare the workforce for the future, ensuring that technological progress benefits everyone rather than leaving some behind.
Governments must work with schools and companies to prepare workers, ___ no one is left behind by technological change.

When Lisa visited Paris, she was amazed by its architecture.
The word “its” refers to…

Renewable Energy and Material Supply Challenges
The push for renewable energy technologies has highlighted vulnerabilities in material supply chains, particularly for wind turbines and solar panels. Demand for rare earth elements, such as lithium and neodymium, has surged due to their essential role in batteries and magnets. At the same time, geopolitical tensions and environmental regulations affect the availability and cost of these materials. Companies are concerned about price volatility and the potential for shortages as the green energy sector grows.
To understand the scope of these challenges, researchers analyzed the composition of components in various wind turbines and solar panels produced over the past decade. They calculated the quantities of over 50 different elements used, considering both weight and market price fluctuations. The study revealed that turbines and panels with higher energy efficiency often rely on materials with the most volatile prices, posing a risk to production costs. The researchers suggest that recycling rare materials, diversifying suppliers, and developing alternative materials could help reduce these risks as the renewable energy industry expands.
How does the author organize the ideas in paragraph 1 and 2?

Renewable Energy and Material Supply Challenges
The push for renewable energy technologies has highlighted vulnerabilities in material supply chains, particularly for wind turbines and solar panels. Demand for rare earth elements, such as lithium and neodymium, has surged due to their essential role in batteries and magnets. At the same time, geopolitical tensions and environmental regulations affect the availability and cost of these materials. Companies are concerned about price volatility and the potential for shortages as the green energy sector grows.
To understand the scope of these challenges, researchers analyzed the composition of components in various wind turbines and solar panels produced over the past decade. They calculated the quantities of over 50 different elements used, considering both weight and market price fluctuations. The study revealed that turbines and panels with higher energy efficiency often rely on materials with the most volatile prices, posing a risk to production costs. The researchers suggest that recycling rare materials, diversifying suppliers, and developing alternative materials could help reduce these risks as the renewable energy industry expands.
Which of the following best restates the underlined idea in paragraph 1?
“Geopolitical tensions and environmental regulations affect the availability and cost of these materials.”

Lifestyle and Its Impact on Health
Lifestyle refers to the habits, routines, and behaviors of individuals, communities, and nations, shaped by their environment, culture, economy, politics, and religion. It reflects how people live, work, eat, and spend leisure time. In modern times, lifestyle is considered one of the most important determinants of health. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that nearly 60% of factors affecting a person’s health and life quality are linked to lifestyle choices.
An unhealthy lifestyle can lead to serious health problems. Common issues include obesity, heart disease, diabetes, joint disorders, high blood pressure, and even mental health problems. Factors such as poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of physical activity, and chronic stress are major contributors to these conditions.
Moreover, technological advancements, especially the rise of digital communication and the internet, create new challenges. Excessive screen time, social media addiction, and online gaming may affect both physical and psychological well-being.
In addition, some lifestyle choices are influenced by cultural and social factors. For example, in some communities, close-kin marriages are common, which may increase the risk of genetic disorders. Another example is the widespread use of self-medication. Some countries report a high rate of medication misuse, with people taking antibiotics or painkillers without prescriptions. This can lead to drug resistance, weakened immunity, and severe side effects, even fatal reactions in some cases.
Overall, lifestyle profoundly affects physical and mental health. Awareness and preventive measures are necessary to reduce the risk of disease and improve overall quality of life.
Which sentence from the text expresses an opinion rather than a fact?

TEXT 1
Actors develop and portray a character by applying cognitive empathy, also called Theory of Mind (ToM). ToM is the ability to understand and predict other people’s thoughts, feelings, and intentions. This skill is essential for navigating social interactions and for creating believable characters. In the process of character development, actors explore the character’s background, goals, beliefs, and values. Often, this requires going beyond what is written in the script.
Neuroscientific studies suggest that multiple brain regions, such as the temporoparietal junction and the posterior cingulate cortex, are involved in ToM. The temporoparietal junction helps in distinguishing one’s own perspective from that of others. Actors practicing ToM often experience changes in self-perception and memory, aligning their responses with the character’s perspective. Research also shows that some brain areas are temporarily suppressed when actors answer questions from the first-person perspective of the character, indicating that acting involves suppressing the self.
TEXT 2
Recent research indicates that theatre training can influence fundamental brain functions. In one study, actors were trained to perform Shakespearean scenes for audiences with autism using interactive drama exercises, known as sensory drama games.
Brain activity and physiological responses were measured using wearable imaging and monitoring devices. The results revealed that, during performance, actors’ responses to hearing their own names were reduced in the left anterior prefrontal cortex, a region linked to self-awareness. This effect was observed consistently across multiple rehearsals. Outside of acting, actors responded normally to hearing their names. Researchers hope that such studies will provide insights into how acting modifies brain activity and can foster collaboration between neuroscientists and theatre practitioners.
According to Text 1, cognitive empathy (ToM) is used by actors to:

Advocates for animals are becoming increasingly strident, even to the extent of using terrorist tactics Their Ire is more typically directed against laboratories that use animals, but zoos also have come under fire Some animal rights extremists have expressed a goal of putting zoos out of existence. Extreme though these views may be, they signal a shift in public attitudes toward animal welfare. Many people now consider animals as fellow creatures with needs and feelings that should be respected. Zoos that have not become attuned to perceptions of animal welfare have often experienced an erosion of public support. Some of the poorer, old-fashioned zoos have closed and even some prominent zoos have almost succumbed

These animal advocates often confuse animal rights with animal welfare, and their anthropomorphic ideas about what animals need are often at odds with what is best for animals. For example, well-meaning protestors tried to prevent the transfer of a gorilla named Timmy, who had never procreated, to a zoo in New York that had considerable success in breeding gorillas as well as many potential fertile mates for Timmy. The protestors did not want Timmy to be separated from his current, infertile female partner. However, in nature gorillas do not form monogamous bonds and they do transfer from one social group to another. Eventually, after court battles, Timmy was moved, formed bands with new females, and has begotten numerous offspring.

A related problem is the limited space in zoos.

Thus, breeding unwanted, “surplus” animals is a problem for zoos because surplus animals inhabit valuable space. Some zoos take the apparently logical stance, from a utilitarian animal management vantage, of culling their surplus stocks or selling them to the private collectors. In private hands, some animals have ended up on game ranches where they are shot for sport. This has caused major public relations imbroglios, as a result of which zoos have had to examine their ethical policies and restrict their animal trade to within accredited zoos.

Zoos have developed contraceptive and husbandry techniques to prevent unplanned breeding, and they have developed scientific breeding plans to keep population demographics aligned with available space. Furthermore, there has been a trend of exchanging animals without fees as they become increasingly priceless

Zoos have also added applied psychology to their toolkits. They now must reassure their public that animals are not distressed but are potentially “happy” New techniques are being developed to stimulate zoo animals, reduce psychological stress and elicit cooperation rather than coerce desired behaviors

(Taken from AM. Lyles, “Zoos and Zoological Parks” Encyclopedia of Blodiversity, vol 5. P. 904)
It is implied in paragraph 1 that…

Advocates for animals are becoming increasingly strident, even to the extent of using terrorist tactics Their Ire is more typically directed against laboratories that use animals, but zoos also have come under fire Some animal rights extremists have expressed a goal of putting zoos out of existence. Extreme though these views may be, they signal a shift in public attitudes toward animal welfare. Many people now consider animals as fellow creatures with needs and feelings that should be respected. Zoos that have not become attuned to perceptions of animal welfare have often experienced an erosion of public support. Some of the poorer, old-fashioned zoos have closed and even some prominent zoos have almost succumbed

These animal advocates often confuse animal rights with animal welfare, and their anthropomorphic ideas about what animals need are often at odds with what is best for animals. For example, well-meaning protestors tried to prevent the transfer of a gorilla named Timmy, who had never procreated, to a zoo in New York that had considerable success in breeding gorillas as well as many potential fertile mates for Timmy. The protestors did not want Timmy to be separated from his current, infertile female partner. However, in nature gorillas do not form monogamous bonds and they do transfer from one social group to another. Eventually, after court battles, Timmy was moved, formed bands with new females, and has begotten numerous offspring.

A related problem is the limited space in zoos.

Thus, breeding unwanted, “surplus” animals is a problem for zoos because surplus animals inhabit valuable space. Some zoos take the apparently logical stance, from a utilitarian animal management vantage, of culling their surplus stocks or selling them to the private collectors. In private hands, some animals have ended up on game ranches where they are shot for sport. This has caused major public relations imbroglios, as a result of which zoos have had to examine their ethical policies and restrict their animal trade to within accredited zoos.

Zoos have developed contraceptive and husbandry techniques to prevent unplanned breeding, and they have developed scientific breeding plans to keep population demographics aligned with available space. Furthermore, there has been a trend of exchanging animals without fees as they become increasingly priceless

Zoos have also added applied psychology to their toolkits. They now must reassure their public that animals are not distressed but are potentially “happy” New techniques are being developed to stimulate zoo animals, reduce psychological stress and elicit cooperation rather than coerce desired behaviors

(Taken from AM. Lyles, “Zoos and Zoological Parks” Encyclopedia of Blodiversity, vol 5. P. 904)
According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE about Timmy?

TEXT 1

Americans are having fewer babies. At first, researchers thought the declining fertility rate was because of the recession, but it kept falling even as the economy recovered. Now has reached a record low for the second consecutive year. The fertility rate subtly shapes many major issues of the day, including immigration, education, housing, labor supply, the social safety net, and support for working families. Thus, there is a lot of concern about why today’s young adults are not having as many children. As a result, research was recently conducted to investigate this phenomenon.

Americans are having fewer babies. At first, researchers thought the declining fertility rate was because of the recession, but it kept falling even as the economy recovered. Now It has reached a record low for the second consecutive year. The fertility rate subtly shapes many major issues of the day, including immigration, education, housing, labor supply. the social safety net, and support for working families. Thus, there is a lot of concern about why today’s young adults are not having as many children. As a result, research was recently conducted to investigate this phenomenon. About a quarter of the respondents who had children or planned to, said they had fewer or expected to have fewer than they wanted. The largest shares said they delayed or stopped having children because of concerns about having enough time or money. The survey tells a story that it is partly about greater gender equality. Women have more agency over their lives. Many women feel that motherhood. has become more of a choice. However, it is also a story of economic security. Young people have student debt, many graduated in recession, and many cannot afford homes. All these happen as parenthood has become more expensive.

One of the biggest factors was personal, which is having no desire for children and wanting more leisure time. This is a pattern that has also shown up in social science research. A quarter of pool respondents who did not plan to have children said they did not think they would be good parents.

Financial concerns also led people to have fewer children than they considered to be ideal. 64 percent said it was because of a lack of paid family leave.

TEXT 2

Would you have a baby, or add more children to your family, if the government offers to help you cover the bills? Government programs that give parents money for having kids are appearing in more countries as a strategy to combat declining birth rates.

Researchers study birth rates as a way to measure the stability of community. In general, people will have children if they feel they have job security and stable economy. They will also want more children if they feel supported in starting a family. However, declining population growth can destroy the economy. Financial incentives and bonuses are one way to support parents and boost birth rates.

In one small municipality in Finland, Lestijarvi, fewer babies are born. Only one child had been born per year before 2013.
Since then local officials have given “baby bonus in which each baby born is worth 10,000 euros. This is paid to the family over the course of 10 years.

The bonuses for having children seem to be able to solve the problem of low birth rate In various places. This works in Finland, Estonia, Italy, Japan, and Australla. Governments can persuade parents to have children by promising easy childcare. They can also encourage women to have jobs while also having children.
According to text 1, which one reason people say for not having children?

TEXT 1

Americans are having fewer babies. At first, researchers thought the declining fertility rate was because of the recession, but it kept falling even as the economy recovered. Now has reached a record low for the second consecutive year. The fertility rate subtly shapes many major issues of the day, including immigration, education, housing, labor supply, the social safety net, and support for working families. Thus, there is a lot of concern about why today’s young adults are not having as many children. As a result, research was recently conducted to investigate this phenomenon.

Americans are having fewer babies. At first, researchers thought the declining fertility rate was because of the recession, but it kept falling even as the economy recovered. Now It has reached a record low for the second consecutive year. The fertility rate subtly shapes many major issues of the day, including immigration, education, housing, labor supply. the social safety net, and support for working families. Thus, there is a lot of concern about why today’s young adults are not having as many children. As a result, research was recently conducted to investigate this phenomenon. About a quarter of the respondents who had children or planned to, said they had fewer or expected to have fewer than they wanted. The largest shares said they delayed or stopped having children because of concerns about having enough time or money. The survey tells a story that it is partly about greater gender equality. Women have more agency over their lives. Many women feel that motherhood. has become more of a choice. However, it is also a story of economic security. Young people have student debt, many graduated in recession, and many cannot afford homes. All these happen as parenthood has become more expensive.

One of the biggest factors was personal, which is having no desire for children and wanting more leisure time. This is a pattern that has also shown up in social science research. A quarter of pool respondents who did not plan to have children said they did not think they would be good parents.

Financial concerns also led people to have fewer children than they considered to be ideal. 64 percent said it was because of a lack of paid family leave.

TEXT 2

Would you have a baby, or add more children to your family, if the government offers to help you cover the bills? Government programs that give parents money for having kids are appearing in more countries as a strategy to combat declining birth rates.

Researchers study birth rates as a way to measure the stability of community. In general, people will have children if they feel they have job security and stable economy. They will also want more children if they feel supported in starting a family. However, declining population growth can destroy the economy. Financial incentives and bonuses are one way to support parents and boost birth rates.

In one small municipality in Finland, Lestijarvi, fewer babies are born. Only one child had been born per year before 2013.
Since then local officials have given “baby bonus in which each baby born is worth 10,000 euros. This is paid to the family over the course of 10 years.

The bonuses for having children seem to be able to solve the problem of low birth rate In various places. This works in Finland, Estonia, Italy, Japan, and Australla. Governments can persuade parents to have children by promising easy childcare. They can also encourage women to have jobs while also having children.
The expression “have more agency over” in text 1 paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to…

TEXT 1

The average American may be swallowing a large amount of micro plastic particles every year from contaminated foods. The report came from researchers at the University of Victoria in Canada who studied the micro plastic content of certain foods. They combined It with dietary guidelines to estimate people’s plastic consumption. They found the average American could be consuming 52.000 micro plastic pieces each year by eating the recommended amounts of food and drink. This figure is slightly lower for women, at 41,000, because of their smaller food intake. Children are estimated to have annual intakes of 46,000 and 39,000 micro plastic particles.

There is growing concern that plastic in the ocean could be entering the food chain as microscopic particles absorbed by fish and mollusks. Other foods can be contaminated during production and processing or from plastic packaging. The study showed that bottled water could also be a significant source of micro plastic consumption. An adult drinking only from bottled water may be consuming an additional 75,000 to 127,000 pieces of micro plastic each year, according to the research. For comparison, drinking only from tap water leads to just 3,000 to 6,000.

The team emphasizes that these figures are only estimates because of limitations in the data. They were not able to include common food sources, such as meat, dairy, cereals, and vegetables in their calculation because their micro plastic content is not known. They also point out that it is unclear what effect this exposure to micro plastics has on our health.

TEXT 2

Plastic infant feeding bottles can release. up to 16 million pieces of micro plastic during each use. Such bottles are routinely exposed to hot water and vigorous shaking when. parents are making formula for babies. The researchers at Trinity College Dublin estimated the daily exposure of an infant up to 12 months oldranged from 14,600 to 4.5 millions of micro particles.
Although micro plastics are also found elsewhere, such as in bottled water, their levels reported have been in thousands per liter only. This means babies could be consuming doses of thousands of times higher than adults.

The team assessed 10 different baby feeding bottles made from polypropylene. These are typically esposed to temperature of up to 100°C in a cleaning procedure advised. by the World Health Organization. For one product, the number of micro plastics increased from around one to 55 million particles per liter, when the temperature was increased to 95°C. Although it is too early to make a policy based on this single study, the results ring an alarm, according to an eco-toxicologist at the University of Southern Denmark.

The study will be pretty concerning for parents. However, frustratingly scientists also do not know what this means toxicologically, because there are so few studies on the health impact of micro plastics. Still, the scientists offer advice for parents. Formula should be prepared with hot water that is 70°C or higher in a non-plastic container. When it has cooled, the formula can be transferred to the plastic bottles.
According to Text 1, more micro plastic particles are accidentally consumed by humans through the following ways, EXCEPT…

TEXT 1

The average American may be swallowing a large amount of micro plastic particles every year from contaminated foods. The report came from researchers at the University of Victoria in Canada who studied the micro plastic content of certain foods. They combined It with dietary guidelines to estimate people’s plastic consumption. They found the average American could be consuming 52.000 micro plastic pieces each year by eating the recommended amounts of food and drink. This figure is slightly lower for women, at 41,000, because of their smaller food intake. Children are estimated to have annual intakes of 46,000 and 39,000 micro plastic particles.

There is growing concern that plastic in the ocean could be entering the food chain as microscopic particles absorbed by fish and mollusks. Other foods can be contaminated during production and processing or from plastic packaging. The study showed that bottled water could also be a significant source of micro plastic consumption. An adult drinking only from bottled water may be consuming an additional 75,000 to 127,000 pieces of micro plastic each year, according to the research. For comparison, drinking only from tap water leads to just 3,000 to 6,000.

The team emphasizes that these figures are only estimates because of limitations in the data. They were not able to include common food sources, such as meat, dairy, cereals, and vegetables in their calculation because their micro plastic content is not known. They also point out that it is unclear what effect this exposure to micro plastics has on our health.

TEXT 2

Plastic infant feeding bottles can release. up to 16 million pieces of micro plastic during each use. Such bottles are routinely exposed to hot water and vigorous shaking when. parents are making formula for babies. The researchers at Trinity College Dublin estimated the daily exposure of an infant up to 12 months oldranged from 14,600 to 4.5 millions of micro particles.
Although micro plastics are also found elsewhere, such as in bottled water, their levels reported have been in thousands per liter only. This means babies could be consuming doses of thousands of times higher than adults.

The team assessed 10 different baby feeding bottles made from polypropylene. These are typically esposed to temperature of up to 100°C in a cleaning procedure advised. by the World Health Organization. For one product, the number of micro plastics increased from around one to 55 million particles per liter, when the temperature was increased to 95°C. Although it is too early to make a policy based on this single study, the results ring an alarm, according to an eco-toxicologist at the University of Southern Denmark.

The study will be pretty concerning for parents. However, frustratingly scientists also do not know what this means toxicologically, because there are so few studies on the health impact of micro plastics. Still, the scientists offer advice for parents. Formula should be prepared with hot water that is 70°C or higher in a non-plastic container. When it has cooled, the formula can be transferred to the plastic bottles.
The word “their” in Text 2 Paragraph 1 refers to…

TEXT 1

Every day we chew food with our teeth. We can crush hard food using molars. Our teeth are coated with a protective layer called tooth enamel. This layer is only a few millimeters of food without causing pain to the soft tissue under it

Scientists believe tooth enamel is the hardest biological tissue in the human body. Dental scientists have done a lot of research to replicate this super thin but strong structure for longer teeth health. Recently material scientists and chemical engineers have created synthetic tooth enamel that is even stronger that what is found in our teeth. They also studied both to more closely resemble the composition and structure of the real substance.

Tooth enamel is constantly bombarded by the strike of acids and bases from food and drink. It is contending with new bacteria and changes in the mouth’s microbiome. Enamel can be strong brushing and habitual teeth grinding. Time, wear, and decay bore holes through a tooth’s outer layers, resulting in cavities and other dental issues. Unlike a broken bone, enamel defenses itself.

The origin of enamel’s strength comes from its complex and intricate structure. Protective minerals are made of tiny, interconnected tubes called nanorods, which are filled with lattice. grids, a type of calcium phosphate mineral.

TEXT 2

Tooth enamel is a hard substance that is found on the outermost part of our teeth. Enamel is considered as the hardest substance in our body. It is known even harder than our bones. How it decays or breaks down when bacteria breaks down the sugar in food creating an acid hole. About two percent of enamel is made of some organic materials known as enamelin.

Enamels plays an important role in protecting the tooth’s to reduce the discomfort we feel due to hot or cold foods.
Although tooth enamel is a hard and protective coating, it can easily crack. When the enamel breaks, it is no longer able to protect the teeth adequately. Tooth decay and enamel damage and presence of acids in the food we eat. Acids cause erosion of the enamel. Once your tooth enamel is destroyed, your body will not make more of an effort to replace it Therefore, we should avoid acids.
Which of the following is an opinion from Text 2?

TEXT 1

Every day we chew food with our teeth. We can crush hard food using molars. Our teeth are coated with a protective layer called tooth enamel. This layer is only a few millimeters of food without causing pain to the soft tissue under it

Scientists believe tooth enamel is the hardest biological tissue in the human body. Dental scientists have done a lot of research to replicate this super thin but strong structure for longer teeth health. Recently material scientists and chemical engineers have created synthetic tooth enamel that is even stronger that what is found in our teeth. They also studied both to more closely resemble the composition and structure of the real substance.

Tooth enamel is constantly bombarded by the strike of acids and bases from food and drink. It is contending with new bacteria and changes in the mouth’s microbiome. Enamel can be strong brushing and habitual teeth grinding. Time, wear, and decay bore holes through a tooth’s outer layers, resulting in cavities and other dental issues. Unlike a broken bone, enamel defenses itself.

The origin of enamel’s strength comes from its complex and intricate structure. Protective minerals are made of tiny, interconnected tubes called nanorods, which are filled with lattice. grids, a type of calcium phosphate mineral.

TEXT 2

Tooth enamel is a hard substance that is found on the outermost part of our teeth. Enamel is considered as the hardest substance in our body. It is known even harder than our bones. How it decays or breaks down when bacteria breaks down the sugar in food creating an acid hole. About two percent of enamel is made of some organic materials known as enamelin.

Enamels plays an important role in protecting the tooth’s to reduce the discomfort we feel due to hot or cold foods.
Although tooth enamel is a hard and protective coating, it can easily crack. When the enamel breaks, it is no longer able to protect the teeth adequately. Tooth decay and enamel damage and presence of acids in the food we eat. Acids cause erosion of the enamel. Once your tooth enamel is destroyed, your body will not make more of an effort to replace it Therefore, we should avoid acids.
The definition of tooth enamel can be found in…

Researchers have debunked the myth that extreme sportsmen and women are adrenalin junkies with a death wish. According to Professor Brymer from Leeds Becket University, there had been a gross misunderstanding of what motivates people to take part in extreme sports. Many write it off as an activity for adrenalin junkies

His research has shown that people who engage in extreme sports are anything but irresponsible risk-takers with a death wish. They are highly trained individuals with a deep knowledge of themselves, the activity, and the environment. They usually do the activity to have a life-enhancing experience. The experience is very hard to describe in the same way that love is hard to describe. For example, Base jumpers talk about being able to see all the colours and nooks and crannies of the rock as they zoom past at 300km/h. Meanwhile, extreme climbers feel like they are floating and dancing with the rock.

Professor Schweitzer said understanding motivations for extreme sports was important to understand human. In fact, extreme sports participation facilitates more positive. psychological experiences and expresses human values. These include humility, harmony, creativity, spirituality, and a vital sense of self.
He added that extreme sports participants. found it hard to put their experiences into words. Thus, the research project had taken a new approach to understanding the data. His research team did not employ a theory-based approach which may make judgements that do not reflect the lived experience of extreme sports participants. Instead, they took a phenomenological approach. By doing so they were able to conceptualize such experiences. They could also investigate the choices to engage in activity which may lead to death. However, such experiences have been shown to be affirmative of life and the potential for transformation. Extreme sports have the potential to induce powerful states of consciousness and provide a further glimpse into what it means to be human.

Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com/
The author would apparently agree that the phenomenon of extreme sports and their participants discussed in the passage is similar to the phenomenon between…..

Researchers have debunked the myth that extreme sportsmen and women are adrenalin junkies with a death wish. According to Professor Brymer from Leeds Becket University, there had been a gross misunderstanding of what motivates people to take part in extreme sports. Many write it off as an activity for adrenalin junkies

His research has shown that people who engage in extreme sports are anything but irresponsible risk-takers with a death wish. They are highly trained individuals with a deep knowledge of themselves, the activity, and the environment. They usually do the activity to have a life-enhancing experience. The experience is very hard to describe in the same way that love is hard to describe. For example, Base jumpers talk about being able to see all the colours and nooks and crannies of the rock as they zoom past at 300km/h. Meanwhile, extreme climbers feel like they are floating and dancing with the rock.

Professor Schweitzer said understanding motivations for extreme sports was important to understand human. In fact, extreme sports participation facilitates more positive. psychological experiences and expresses human values. These include humility, harmony, creativity, spirituality, and a vital sense of self.
He added that extreme sports participants. found it hard to put their experiences into words. Thus, the research project had taken a new approach to understanding the data. His research team did not employ a theory-based approach which may make judgements that do not reflect the lived experience of extreme sports participants. Instead, they took a phenomenological approach. By doing so they were able to conceptualize such experiences. They could also investigate the choices to engage in activity which may lead to death. However, such experiences have been shown to be affirmative of life and the potential for transformation. Extreme sports have the potential to induce powerful states of consciousness and provide a further glimpse into what it means to be human.

Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com/
The option that best completes the last sentence of the passage is……

Improving the mental health and well being of young people is a global priority. Approximately 80% of the population will experience mental ill-health at some point in their life. 75% of mental disorders begin before the age of 25. Mental ill-health changes the course of young people’s lives. (…) It can also cut lives short through an increased risk of dying by suicide, treatment side effects, and higher rates of chronic physical health conditions. Good-quality, impactful research is essential to helping young people cope with mental health challenges. Young people with lived experience should be integral partners in designing, implementing and translating this research.

Expertise based on experience matters. Young people who experience mental health challenges can provide unique insights that others do not have. Through roles such as youth advisors and peer researchers, they can put that knowledge to use. They are best placed to make a participant information and consent form meaningful and comprehensible for people their age. They can advise whether an intervention is appealing and practical. In doing this, they should consider time and resource investment in development and testing. Involving people with lived experience in research helps to improve funding success. recruitment rates and research outcomes. Across the research cycle, young people can Increase the chance of research making a real difference.
Young people with the most relevant experience should be offered opportunities Typically, youth partners are not able to speak on behalf of all young people. However, it is Important to ensure that they have experiences that are relevant to the research area. Someone who has experienced suicidal ideation cannot necessarily speak to the needs of young people who hear voices. Representation of other intersecting experiences and contexts matters too. These may include experiences of voluntary versus involuntary treatment, genders and sexualities, and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adapted from https://www.nature.com/
Based on the passage, if a study focuses on anxiety disorders, the experience included should be taken from someone who…..

Improving the mental health and well being of young people is a global priority. Approximately 80% of the population will experience mental ill-health at some point in their life. 75% of mental disorders begin before the age of 25. Mental ill-health changes the course of young people’s lives. (…) It can also cut lives short through an increased risk of dying by suicide, treatment side effects, and higher rates of chronic physical health conditions. Good-quality, impactful research is essential to helping young people cope with mental health challenges. Young people with lived experience should be integral partners in designing, implementing and translating this research.

Expertise based on experience matters. Young people who experience mental health challenges can provide unique insights that others do not have. Through roles such as youth advisors and peer researchers, they can put that knowledge to use. They are best placed to make a participant information and consent form meaningful and comprehensible for people their age. They can advise whether an intervention is appealing and practical. In doing this, they should consider time and resource investment in development and testing. Involving people with lived experience in research helps to improve funding success. recruitment rates and research outcomes. Across the research cycle, young people can Increase the chance of research making a real difference.
Young people with the most relevant experience should be offered opportunities Typically, youth partners are not able to speak on behalf of all young people. However, it is Important to ensure that they have experiences that are relevant to the research area. Someone who has experienced suicidal ideation cannot necessarily speak to the needs of young people who hear voices. Representation of other intersecting experiences and contexts matters too. These may include experiences of voluntary versus involuntary treatment, genders and sexualities, and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adapted from https://www.nature.com/
What topic does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss?

The song comes alive as night draws in. Beneath the blanket, between the fold of cradling arms, in rooms across the world, a hidden chorus of caregivers fills the night with song to an audience of children. They’re singing lullabies. Across cultures, lullabies echo the histories of those who sing them.

There is a growing body of research about how lullabies help soothe both caregiver and child. Laura Cirelli, professor of developmental psychology at the University of Toronto, studies the science of maternal song. She found that when mothers sang lullabies, stress levels. dropped not just for the baby but for mothers as well. In her most recent work, she found that familiar songs soothed babies the most-more than speaking or hearing unfamiliar songs. However, lullabies tend to have collections of features across cultures. The Harvard University’s Music Lab project found that people can hear universal traits in music-even when they are listening to songs from other cultures. The project asked 29,000 participants to listen to 118 songs and identify whether it was a healing song, a dance song, a love song, or a lullaby with the finding statistically showing that people are most consistent in Identifying lullabies.
Lullabies… be identified consistently by most participants in the Lab project.

The song comes alive as night draws in. Beneath the blanket, between the fold of cradling arms, in rooms across the world, a hidden chorus of caregivers fills the night with song to an audience of children. They’re singing lullabies. Across cultures, lullabies echo the histories of those who sing them.

There is a growing body of research about how lullabies help soothe both caregiver and child. Laura Cirelli, professor of developmental psychology at the University of Toronto, studies the science of maternal song. She found that when mothers sang lullabies, stress levels. dropped not just for the baby but for mothers as well. In her most recent work, she found that familiar songs soothed babies the most-more than speaking or hearing unfamiliar songs. However, lullabies tend to have collections of features across cultures. The Harvard University’s Music Lab project found that people can hear universal traits in music-even when they are listening to songs from other cultures. The project asked 29,000 participants to listen to 118 songs and identify whether it was a healing song, a dance song, a love song, or a lullaby with the finding statistically showing that people are most consistent in Identifying lullabies.
The paragraph following the passage most likely concerns…