The global shift toward renewable energy is accelerating as nations seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address the urgent threat of climate change. Solar, wind, and hydropower have emerged as the primary sources driving this transformation, offering cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.
One major advantage of renewable energy is its long-term sustainability. Unlike coal or oil, renewable resources are naturally replenished. Additionally, advances in battery storage technology are helping to overcome one of the sector’s main limitations—intermittency. By storing excess energy generated on sunny or windy days, power grids can deliver a stable supply even during periods of low generation.
However, the transition is not without obstacles. Building renewable infrastructure requires significant investment, and some communities resist projects due to concerns over land use or visual impact. Furthermore, countries that depend heavily on fossil fuel exports face economic challenges in shifting their energy systems.
Despite these issues, the cost of renewable energy has dropped significantly over the past decade, making it increasingly competitive with traditional energy sources. With continued innovation and international cooperation, a cleaner energy future is within reach.
What is the main idea of the passage?

The global shift toward renewable energy is accelerating as nations seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address the urgent threat of climate change. Solar, wind, and hydropower have emerged as the primary sources driving this transformation, offering cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.
One major advantage of renewable energy is its long-term sustainability. Unlike coal or oil, renewable resources are naturally replenished. Additionally, advances in battery storage technology are helping to overcome one of the sector’s main limitations—intermittency. By storing excess energy generated on sunny or windy days, power grids can deliver a stable supply even during periods of low generation.
However, the transition is not without obstacles. Building renewable infrastructure requires significant investment, and some communities resist projects due to concerns over land use or visual impact. Furthermore, countries that depend heavily on fossil fuel exports face economic challenges in shifting their energy systems.
Despite these issues, the cost of renewable energy has dropped significantly over the past decade, making it increasingly competitive with traditional energy sources. With continued innovation and international cooperation, a cleaner energy future is within reach.
The passage is mainly intended to…

The global shift toward renewable energy is accelerating as nations seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address the urgent threat of climate change. Solar, wind, and hydropower have emerged as the primary sources driving this transformation, offering cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.
One major advantage of renewable energy is its long-term sustainability. Unlike coal or oil, renewable resources are naturally replenished. Additionally, advances in battery storage technology are helping to overcome one of the sector’s main limitations—intermittency. By storing excess energy generated on sunny or windy days, power grids can deliver a stable supply even during periods of low generation.
However, the transition is not without obstacles. Building renewable infrastructure requires significant investment, and some communities resist projects due to concerns over land use or visual impact. Furthermore, countries that depend heavily on fossil fuel exports face economic challenges in shifting their energy systems.
Despite these issues, the cost of renewable energy has dropped significantly over the past decade, making it increasingly competitive with traditional energy sources. With continued innovation and international cooperation, a cleaner energy future is within reach.
It can be inferred that renewable energy adoption will likely…

Urban farming, once considered a niche hobby, has evolved into a significant movement addressing food security and environmental concerns. From rooftop gardens to vertical farms inside abandoned warehouses, cities are turning unused spaces into productive agricultural hubs. This trend is not only about producing food but also about rethinking how cities interact with nature.
Proponents argue that urban farming reduces the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from rural areas to urban markets. Fresh produce grown within city limits can be delivered quickly to consumers, preserving nutritional quality and minimizing waste. Moreover, these green spaces can improve air quality, reduce urban heat, and even foster community engagement.
However, critics question whether urban farming can produce food on a scale large enough to feed dense populations. They also raise concerns about high startup costs, especially for technologically advanced farms that rely on artificial lighting and climate control systems. Despite these challenges, success stories from cities like Singapore, Tokyo, and New York demonstrate that with innovation and policy support, urban farming can be both viable and profitable.
As global populations increasingly concentrate in cities, the ability to grow food locally may become not just an option, but a necessity for sustainable urban living.
The word “viable” is closest in meaning to…

Urban farming, once considered a niche hobby, has evolved into a significant movement addressing food security and environmental concerns. From rooftop gardens to vertical farms inside abandoned warehouses, cities are turning unused spaces into productive agricultural hubs. This trend is not only about producing food but also about rethinking how cities interact with nature.
Proponents argue that urban farming reduces the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from rural areas to urban markets. Fresh produce grown within city limits can be delivered quickly to consumers, preserving nutritional quality and minimizing waste. Moreover, these green spaces can improve air quality, reduce urban heat, and even foster community engagement.
However, critics question whether urban farming can produce food on a scale large enough to feed dense populations. They also raise concerns about high startup costs, especially for technologically advanced farms that rely on artificial lighting and climate control systems. Despite these challenges, success stories from cities like Singapore, Tokyo, and New York demonstrate that with innovation and policy support, urban farming can be both viable and profitable.
As global populations increasingly concentrate in cities, the ability to grow food locally may become not just an option, but a necessity for sustainable urban living.
Which statement best summarizes the passage?

Urban farming, once considered a niche hobby, has evolved into a significant movement addressing food security and environmental concerns. From rooftop gardens to vertical farms inside abandoned warehouses, cities are turning unused spaces into productive agricultural hubs. This trend is not only about producing food but also about rethinking how cities interact with nature.
Proponents argue that urban farming reduces the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from rural areas to urban markets. Fresh produce grown within city limits can be delivered quickly to consumers, preserving nutritional quality and minimizing waste. Moreover, these green spaces can improve air quality, reduce urban heat, and even foster community engagement.
However, critics question whether urban farming can produce food on a scale large enough to feed dense populations. They also raise concerns about high startup costs, especially for technologically advanced farms that rely on artificial lighting and climate control systems. Despite these challenges, success stories from cities like Singapore, Tokyo, and New York demonstrate that with innovation and policy support, urban farming can be both viable and profitable.
As global populations increasingly concentrate in cities, the ability to grow food locally may become not just an option, but a necessity for sustainable urban living.
The word “these” in paragraph two refers to…

Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and play a crucial role in regulating the planet’s climate. They absorb vast amounts of heat and carbon dioxide, helping to stabilize temperatures and slow the pace of global warming. Without the ocean’s buffering capacity, climate change would be progressing at an even faster rate.
Marine ecosystems, from coral reefs to plankton, are vital to this process. Plankton, for instance, absorb carbon during photosynthesis, while coral reefs protect coastlines from storm surges and erosion. Unfortunately, these systems are under threat from pollution, overfishing, and rising ocean temperatures. Coral bleaching, caused by prolonged heat stress, has already damaged large portions of reefs worldwide.
Protecting ocean health is not only an environmental issue but also an economic and social one. Millions of people depend on fishing for their livelihoods, and coastal communities rely on healthy seas for tourism and protection against natural disasters. Global cooperation is essential to reduce pollution, manage fishing sustainably, and mitigate climate impacts on the oceans.
According to the passage, what absorbs carbon during photosynthesis?

Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and play a crucial role in regulating the planet’s climate. They absorb vast amounts of heat and carbon dioxide, helping to stabilize temperatures and slow the pace of global warming. Without the ocean’s buffering capacity, climate change would be progressing at an even faster rate.
Marine ecosystems, from coral reefs to plankton, are vital to this process. Plankton, for instance, absorb carbon during photosynthesis, while coral reefs protect coastlines from storm surges and erosion. Unfortunately, these systems are under threat from pollution, overfishing, and rising ocean temperatures. Coral bleaching, caused by prolonged heat stress, has already damaged large portions of reefs worldwide.
Protecting ocean health is not only an environmental issue but also an economic and social one. Millions of people depend on fishing for their livelihoods, and coastal communities rely on healthy seas for tourism and protection against natural disasters. Global cooperation is essential to reduce pollution, manage fishing sustainably, and mitigate climate impacts on the oceans.
How is the text organized?

In recent years, the nature of work has been undergoing a dramatic transformation. Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing how businesses operate, replacing routine tasks once done by humans. While many experts argue that technology will also create new opportunities—roles that require creativity, problem-solving, and emotional intelligence—this has raised concerns about job losses, skills machines cannot easily replicate.
Remote work, once rare, is now common in many industries, especially after the global pandemic forced companies to adapt. Employees enjoy the flexibility of working from home, while employers benefit from reduced operational costs. However, remote work also presents challenges: maintaining team collaboration, ensuring productivity, and preventing employee isolation.
As the workplace continues to evolve, adaptability becomes essential. Lifelong learning is no longer optional but a necessity to keep up with emerging tools and trends. Governments, educational institutions, and businesses must collaborate to prepare the workforce for the future, ensuring that technological progress benefits everyone rather than leaving some behind.
According to the text, which skill is hard for machines to replicate?

In recent years, the nature of work has been undergoing a dramatic transformation. Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing how businesses operate, replacing routine tasks once done by humans. While many experts argue that technology will also create new opportunities—roles that require creativity, problem-solving, and emotional intelligence—this has raised concerns about job losses, skills machines cannot easily replicate.
Remote work, once rare, is now common in many industries, especially after the global pandemic forced companies to adapt. Employees enjoy the flexibility of working from home, while employers benefit from reduced operational costs. However, remote work also presents challenges: maintaining team collaboration, ensuring productivity, and preventing employee isolation.
As the workplace continues to evolve, adaptability becomes essential. Lifelong learning is no longer optional but a necessity to keep up with emerging tools and trends. Governments, educational institutions, and businesses must collaborate to prepare the workforce for the future, ensuring that technological progress benefits everyone rather than leaving some behind.
The word “adaptability” is closest in meaning to…

In recent years, the nature of work has been undergoing a dramatic transformation. Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing how businesses operate, replacing routine tasks once done by humans. While many experts argue that technology will also create new opportunities—roles that require creativity, problem-solving, and emotional intelligence—this has raised concerns about job losses, skills machines cannot easily replicate.
Remote work, once rare, is now common in many industries, especially after the global pandemic forced companies to adapt. Employees enjoy the flexibility of working from home, while employers benefit from reduced operational costs. However, remote work also presents challenges: maintaining team collaboration, ensuring productivity, and preventing employee isolation.
As the workplace continues to evolve, adaptability becomes essential. Lifelong learning is no longer optional but a necessity to keep up with emerging tools and trends. Governments, educational institutions, and businesses must collaborate to prepare the workforce for the future, ensuring that technological progress benefits everyone rather than leaving some behind.
Governments must work with schools and companies to prepare workers, ___ no one is left behind by technological change.

When Lisa visited Paris, she was amazed by its architecture.
The word “its” refers to…

Text 1
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly popular due to concerns over climate change and air pollution. They produce zero tailpipe emissions and can be powered by renewable energy sources. However, challenges remain, including battery disposal and the environmental impact of mining materials such as lithium.
Text 2
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) emit only water vapor and have a longer driving range than many EVs. Yet, producing hydrogen in an environmentally friendly way is still costly and energy-intensive. Both EVs and HFCVs could play a role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels, but each has unique advantages and drawbacks.
Both texts agree that…

Text 1
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly popular due to concerns over climate change and air pollution. They produce zero tailpipe emissions and can be powered by renewable energy sources. However, challenges remain, including battery disposal and the environmental impact of mining materials such as lithium.
Text 2
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) emit only water vapor and have a longer driving range than many EVs. Yet, producing hydrogen in an environmentally friendly way is still costly and energy-intensive. Both EVs and HFCVs could play a role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels, but each has unique advantages and drawbacks.
From Text 1, it can be inferred that the environmental impact of EVs is partly due to…

Text 1
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly popular due to concerns over climate change and air pollution. They produce zero tailpipe emissions and can be powered by renewable energy sources. However, challenges remain, including battery disposal and the environmental impact of mining materials such as lithium.
Text 2
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) emit only water vapor and have a longer driving range than many EVs. Yet, producing hydrogen in an environmentally friendly way is still costly and energy-intensive. Both EVs and HFCVs could play a role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels, but each has unique advantages and drawbacks.
From Text 2, producing hydrogen is currently…

Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock, gases, and ash can escape from below the crust. Magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface, rises through cracks and erupts as lava, often accompanied by clouds of ash and gas. Volcanoes are usually found along tectonic plate boundaries, where plates move toward or away from each other. However, some volcanoes also appear in the middle of tectonic plates due to hotspots.
Volcanology, the scientific study of volcanoes, helps scientists understand why eruptions occur and predict their possible effects. Though minor eruptions happen frequently around the world, major volcanic eruptions are rare but can cause significant loss of life and destruction of property. Studying past eruptions provides valuable insight into patterns and potential hazards, which can save communities from disaster.
What is the author’s attitude towards the topic of the passage?

Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock, gases, and ash can escape from below the crust. Magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface, rises through cracks and erupts as lava, often accompanied by clouds of ash and gas. Volcanoes are usually found along tectonic plate boundaries, where plates move toward or away from each other. However, some volcanoes also appear in the middle of tectonic plates due to hotspots.
Volcanology, the scientific study of volcanoes, helps scientists understand why eruptions occur and predict their possible effects. Though minor eruptions happen frequently around the world, major volcanic eruptions are rare but can cause significant loss of life and destruction of property. Studying past eruptions provides valuable insight into patterns and potential hazards, which can save communities from disaster.
The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses…

Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock, gases, and ash can escape from below the crust. Magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface, rises through cracks and erupts as lava, often accompanied by clouds of ash and gas. Volcanoes are usually found along tectonic plate boundaries, where plates move toward or away from each other. However, some volcanoes also appear in the middle of tectonic plates due to hotspots.
Volcanology, the scientific study of volcanoes, helps scientists understand why eruptions occur and predict their possible effects. Though minor eruptions happen frequently around the world, major volcanic eruptions are rare but can cause significant loss of life and destruction of property. Studying past eruptions provides valuable insight into patterns and potential hazards, which can save communities from disaster.
What happens when magma reaches the Earth’s surface?

Streaming Platforms and Recommendation Algorithms
Streaming platforms, such as Netflix and Spotify, are praised for their personalized recommendation systems. Once the algorithm adapts to a user’s tastes, the platform can provide content that feels tailored and engaging. Many users find themselves spending hours exploring content because every suggestion matches their interests.
However, these recommendation systems are not without limitations. One challenge is the creation of a “filter bubble,” where users are mostly exposed to content similar to what they already enjoy. This can limit diversity and prevent discovery of new genres or topics. Additionally, platforms must be careful with sensitive content, such as graphic violence or adult themes. Algorithms may restrict the recommendation of such content to prevent exposing a general audience to material that could be disturbing.
The writer of the passage intends to…

Streaming Platforms and Recommendation Algorithms
Streaming platforms, such as Netflix and Spotify, are praised for their personalized recommendation systems. Once the algorithm adapts to a user’s tastes, the platform can provide content that feels tailored and engaging. Many users find themselves spending hours exploring content because every suggestion matches their interests.
However, these recommendation systems are not without limitations. One challenge is the creation of a “filter bubble,” where users are mostly exposed to content similar to what they already enjoy. This can limit diversity and prevent discovery of new genres or topics. Additionally, platforms must be careful with sensitive content, such as graphic violence or adult themes. Algorithms may restrict the recommendation of such content to prevent exposing a general audience to material that could be disturbing.
On the basis of the passage, it can be predicted that …