Without audience, men run slower and women faster. The lack of spectators during the coronavirus pandemic appears to have had a noticeable effect on the performance of athletes at the 2020 Biathlon World Cup, a new study by Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) in Psychology of Sport and Exercise shows. According to the new analysis, women also perform better in complex tasks, such as shooting, when an audience was present while men did not.

‘Social facilitation theory states that a person’s performance is impacted if other people watch them. The mere presence of an audience improves the performance of simple tasks, especially those that require stamina. “The studies have been relatively clear so far. “However, the results are more heterogeneous when it comes to more complex coordinative tasks, explains Amelie Heinrich from the Institute of Sports Science at MLU. In general, it is assumed that performance tends to get worse when there is an audience.

Heinrich is a sports psychology expert. She coaches Germany’s junior biathlon squad. In her new study, she took advantage of the special situation in sport caused by the coronavirus. She compared the running times and shooting successes of male and female biathletes from the 2018/2019 season with their performances in the 2020 season in the sprint and mass start events. “The men’s results were as expected. They ran faster with an audience present, but performed more poorly in shooting,” says Heinrich. While cross-country skiing mainly requires stamina, shooting is a coordinative task. “Interestingly, it was the other way around for women. They ran slower in the presence of spectators, but on average, it took them an entire second less to make their shot and, at least in the sprint, their scoring performance was five percent higher.

“To our knowledge, this is the first time that a study was able to show a different effect of the audience on men and women,” says Professor Oliver Stoll, head of the sports psychology section at MLU….

Adapted from:https//www.sciencedaily.com/
Which of the following sentences can complete the missing sentence in the last paragraph?

Without audience, men run slower and women faster. The lack of spectators during the coronavirus pandemic appears to have had a noticeable effect on the performance of athletes at the 2020 Biathlon World Cup, a new study by Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) in Psychology of Sport and Exercise shows. According to the new analysis, women also perform better in complex tasks, such as shooting, when an audience was present while men did not.

‘Social facilitation theory states that a person’s performance is impacted if other people watch them. The mere presence of an audience improves the performance of simple tasks, especially those that require stamina. “The studies have been relatively clear so far. “However, the results are more heterogeneous when it comes to more complex coordinative tasks, explains Amelie Heinrich from the Institute of Sports Science at MLU. In general, it is assumed that performance tends to get worse when there is an audience.

Heinrich is a sports psychology expert. She coaches Germany’s junior biathlon squad. In her new study, she took advantage of the special situation in sport caused by the coronavirus. She compared the running times and shooting successes of male and female biathletes from the 2018/2019 season with their performances in the 2020 season in the sprint and mass start events. “The men’s results were as expected. They ran faster with an audience present, but performed more poorly in shooting,” says Heinrich. While cross-country skiing mainly requires stamina, shooting is a coordinative task. “Interestingly, it was the other way around for women. They ran slower in the presence of spectators, but on average, it took them an entire second less to make their shot and, at least in the sprint, their scoring performance was five percent higher.

“To our knowledge, this is the first time that a study was able to show a different effect of the audience on men and women,” says Professor Oliver Stoll, head of the sports psychology section at MLU….

Adapted from:https//www.sciencedaily.com/
Which of the following expresses the author’s message?

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
According to the passage, hypebeasts feel that they… not miss the current street fashion trends.

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
The word “enact” in paragraph 1 in the passage. means…

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
According to the passage, hypebeasts dedicate time to… their social media persona in order to escalate their social status.

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
Hypebeasts ….. with hyped-up fashion brands would ignore brands that are not hyped up online

Hypebeast is defined by Urban Dictionary as: “A kid that collects clothing, shoes, and accessories for the sole purpose of impressing others. Some people accept that hypebeast is a slang for someone who is a ‘beast’ (or obsessed) about hyped-up fashion brands. Thus, they will enact whatever means to achieve that hype. The term has been attributed to (usually) well-off youth, who are obsessed in purchasing popular and high-end streetwear brands. They camp out overnight to await the next sneaker release from famous streetwear brands. On the other hand, they ignore brands that haven’t been hyped online. They also constantly show off their sneaker and snapback collections.

These people spend much of their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle. They love to post pictures of their outfits of the day, or OOTD, and count the likes. However, it is commonly considered an insult to be called a hypebeast, because it is generally the urban version of “social climber.”
The paragraph preceding the passage most likely discusses…

The song comes alive as night draws in. Beneath the blanket, between the fold of cradling arms, in rooms across the world, a hidden chorus of caregivers fills the night with song to an audience of children. They’re singing lullabies. Across cultures, lullabies echo the histories of those who sing them.

There is a growing body of research about how lullabies help soothe both caregiver and child. Laura Cirelli, professor of developmental psychology at the University of Toronto, studies the science of maternal song. She found that when mothers sang lullabies, stress levels. dropped not just for the baby but for mothers as well. In her most recent work, she found that familiar songs soothed babies the most-more than speaking or hearing unfamiliar songs. However, lullabies tend to have collections of features across cultures. The Harvard University’s Music Lab project found that people can hear universal traits in music-even when they are listening to songs from other cultures. The project asked 29,000 participants to listen to 118 songs and identify whether it was a healing song, a dance song, a love song, or a lullaby with the finding statistically showing that people are most consistent in Identifying lullabies.
According to the passage, singing lullabies can….. the stress level of both mothers and children.

The song comes alive as night draws in. Beneath the blanket, between the fold of cradling arms, in rooms across the world, a hidden chorus of caregivers fills the night with song to an audience of children. They’re singing lullabies. Across cultures, lullabies echo the histories of those who sing them.

There is a growing body of research about how lullabies help soothe both caregiver and child. Laura Cirelli, professor of developmental psychology at the University of Toronto, studies the science of maternal song. She found that when mothers sang lullabies, stress levels. dropped not just for the baby but for mothers as well. In her most recent work, she found that familiar songs soothed babies the most-more than speaking or hearing unfamiliar songs. However, lullabies tend to have collections of features across cultures. The Harvard University’s Music Lab project found that people can hear universal traits in music-even when they are listening to songs from other cultures. The project asked 29,000 participants to listen to 118 songs and identify whether it was a healing song, a dance song, a love song, or a lullaby with the finding statistically showing that people are most consistent in Identifying lullabies.
The word “soothed in paragraph 2 in the passage is closest in meaning to…

The song comes alive as night draws in. Beneath the blanket, between the fold of cradling arms, in rooms across the world, a hidden chorus of caregivers fills the night with song to an audience of children. They’re singing lullabies. Across cultures, lullabies echo the histories of those who sing them.

There is a growing body of research about how lullabies help soothe both caregiver and child. Laura Cirelli, professor of developmental psychology at the University of Toronto, studies the science of maternal song. She found that when mothers sang lullabies, stress levels. dropped not just for the baby but for mothers as well. In her most recent work, she found that familiar songs soothed babies the most-more than speaking or hearing unfamiliar songs. However, lullabies tend to have collections of features across cultures. The Harvard University’s Music Lab project found that people can hear universal traits in music-even when they are listening to songs from other cultures. The project asked 29,000 participants to listen to 118 songs and identify whether it was a healing song, a dance song, a love song, or a lullaby with the finding statistically showing that people are most consistent in Identifying lullabies.
In the passage there is a statement like this:

“In her most recent work, she found that familiar songs soothed babies the most-more than speaking or hearing unfamiliar songs” If unknown songs ….. bables will not sleep so easily.

The song comes alive as night draws in. Beneath the blanket, between the fold of cradling arms, in rooms across the world, a hidden chorus of caregivers fills the night with song to an audience of children. They’re singing lullabies. Across cultures, lullabies echo the histories of those who sing them.

There is a growing body of research about how lullabies help soothe both caregiver and child. Laura Cirelli, professor of developmental psychology at the University of Toronto, studies the science of maternal song. She found that when mothers sang lullabies, stress levels. dropped not just for the baby but for mothers as well. In her most recent work, she found that familiar songs soothed babies the most-more than speaking or hearing unfamiliar songs. However, lullabies tend to have collections of features across cultures. The Harvard University’s Music Lab project found that people can hear universal traits in music-even when they are listening to songs from other cultures. The project asked 29,000 participants to listen to 118 songs and identify whether it was a healing song, a dance song, a love song, or a lullaby with the finding statistically showing that people are most consistent in Identifying lullabies.
Lullabies… be identified consistently by most participants in the Lab project.

The song comes alive as night draws in. Beneath the blanket, between the fold of cradling arms, in rooms across the world, a hidden chorus of caregivers fills the night with song to an audience of children. They’re singing lullabies. Across cultures, lullabies echo the histories of those who sing them.

There is a growing body of research about how lullabies help soothe both caregiver and child. Laura Cirelli, professor of developmental psychology at the University of Toronto, studies the science of maternal song. She found that when mothers sang lullabies, stress levels. dropped not just for the baby but for mothers as well. In her most recent work, she found that familiar songs soothed babies the most-more than speaking or hearing unfamiliar songs. However, lullabies tend to have collections of features across cultures. The Harvard University’s Music Lab project found that people can hear universal traits in music-even when they are listening to songs from other cultures. The project asked 29,000 participants to listen to 118 songs and identify whether it was a healing song, a dance song, a love song, or a lullaby with the finding statistically showing that people are most consistent in Identifying lullabies.
The paragraph following the passage most likely concerns…

Sport refers to an activity involving physical activity and skill. Sports are an integral part of human life, and there is great importance of sports in all spheres of life. Sports have a massive positive effect both physically and mentally.
First of all from physical point of view. sports strengthen the heart. They serve as an excellent preventive measure against heart diseasess leading to an increased life expectancy of individuals. They involve physical activity of the body because of which blood vessels remain clean. Besides, they reduce the amount of cholesterol and fats in the body because of the increase flexibility if the wall of the blood vessels. Such flexibility increases due to physical exertion, which is the result of sports

[1] In addition, sports make a person experience a good quality of breathing because of sports. [2] They strengthen the lungs of the body in particular ways. [3] Sports are particularly helpful in making our body fit and slim. [4] By escalating the lung capacity and efficiency of the body, more oxygen enters the blood which is extremely beneficial [5] Furthermore, there are fewer chances of developing lung diseases due to sports.

Moreover, from the mental point of view, sports bring discipline in life. They teach the values of dedication and patience. Sports also teach people how to handle failure. Besides, they also teach people how to handle failure because of a number of difficulties of movements found in sports. The importance of following a time schedule is also present in sports, requiring people to be punctual.

Finally, sports reduce the stress of mind. People who play sports would certainly experience less depression because sports can ensure the peace of their mind. Most noteworthy, they bring happiness and joy in the life of people who play them.

Adapted from: https://www.toppr.com/
The author describes the effect of sports on mental health in paragraph…

Sport refers to an activity involving physical activity and skill. Sports are an integral part of human life, and there is great importance of sports in all spheres of life. Sports have a massive positive effect both physically and mentally.
First of all from physical point of view. sports strengthen the heart. They serve as an excellent preventive measure against heart diseasess leading to an increased life expectancy of individuals. They involve physical activity of the body because of which blood vessels remain clean. Besides, they reduce the amount of cholesterol and fats in the body because of the increase flexibility if the wall of the blood vessels. Such flexibility increases due to physical exertion, which is the result of sports

[1] In addition, sports make a person experience a good quality of breathing because of sports. [2] They strengthen the lungs of the body in particular ways. [3] Sports are particularly helpful in making our body fit and slim. [4] By escalating the lung capacity and efficiency of the body, more oxygen enters the blood which is extremely beneficial [5] Furthermore, there are fewer chances of developing lung diseases due to sports.

Moreover, from the mental point of view, sports bring discipline in life. They teach the values of dedication and patience. Sports also teach people how to handle failure. Besides, they also teach people how to handle failure because of a number of difficulties of movements found in sports. The importance of following a time schedule is also present in sports, requiring people to be punctual.

Finally, sports reduce the stress of mind. People who play sports would certainly experience less depression because sports can ensure the peace of their mind. Most noteworthy, they bring happiness and joy in the life of people who play them.

Adapted from: https://www.toppr.com/
The author would apparently agree that the relationship between sports and heart disease discussed in the passage is similar to phenomenon between…

Sport refers to an activity involving physical activity and skill. Sports are an integral part of human life, and there is great importance of sports in all spheres of life. Sports have a massive positive effect both physically and mentally.
First of all from physical point of view. sports strengthen the heart. They serve as an excellent preventive measure against heart diseasess leading to an increased life expectancy of individuals. They involve physical activity of the body because of which blood vessels remain clean. Besides, they reduce the amount of cholesterol and fats in the body because of the increase flexibility if the wall of the blood vessels. Such flexibility increases due to physical exertion, which is the result of sports

[1] In addition, sports make a person experience a good quality of breathing because of sports. [2] They strengthen the lungs of the body in particular ways. [3] Sports are particularly helpful in making our body fit and slim. [4] By escalating the lung capacity and efficiency of the body, more oxygen enters the blood which is extremely beneficial [5] Furthermore, there are fewer chances of developing lung diseases due to sports.

Moreover, from the mental point of view, sports bring discipline in life. They teach the values of dedication and patience. Sports also teach people how to handle failure. Besides, they also teach people how to handle failure because of a number of difficulties of movements found in sports. The importance of following a time schedule is also present in sports, requiring people to be punctual.

Finally, sports reduce the stress of mind. People who play sports would certainly experience less depression because sports can ensure the peace of their mind. Most noteworthy, they bring happiness and joy in the life of people who play them.

Adapted from: https://www.toppr.com/
The irrelevant statement in paragraph 3 is sentence….

Sport refers to an activity involving physical activity and skill. Sports are an integral part of human life, and there is great importance of sports in all spheres of life. Sports have a massive positive effect both physically and mentally.
First of all from physical point of view. sports strengthen the heart. They serve as an excellent preventive measure against heart diseasess leading to an increased life expectancy of individuals. They involve physical activity of the body because of which blood vessels remain clean. Besides, they reduce the amount of cholesterol and fats in the body because of the increase flexibility if the wall of the blood vessels. Such flexibility increases due to physical exertion, which is the result of sports

[1] In addition, sports make a person experience a good quality of breathing because of sports. [2] They strengthen the lungs of the body in particular ways. [3] Sports are particularly helpful in making our body fit and slim. [4] By escalating the lung capacity and efficiency of the body, more oxygen enters the blood which is extremely beneficial [5] Furthermore, there are fewer chances of developing lung diseases due to sports.

Moreover, from the mental point of view, sports bring discipline in life. They teach the values of dedication and patience. Sports also teach people how to handle failure. Besides, they also teach people how to handle failure because of a number of difficulties of movements found in sports. The importance of following a time schedule is also present in sports, requiring people to be punctual.

Finally, sports reduce the stress of mind. People who play sports would certainly experience less depression because sports can ensure the peace of their mind. Most noteworthy, they bring happiness and joy in the life of people who play them.

Adapted from: https://www.toppr.com/
Regarding the advantages of sports to people’s life, the more….the less….

Sport refers to an activity involving physical activity and skill. Sports are an integral part of human life, and there is great importance of sports in all spheres of life. Sports have a massive positive effect both physically and mentally.
First of all from physical point of view. sports strengthen the heart. They serve as an excellent preventive measure against heart diseasess leading to an increased life expectancy of individuals. They involve physical activity of the body because of which blood vessels remain clean. Besides, they reduce the amount of cholesterol and fats in the body because of the increase flexibility if the wall of the blood vessels. Such flexibility increases due to physical exertion, which is the result of sports

[1] In addition, sports make a person experience a good quality of breathing because of sports. [2] They strengthen the lungs of the body in particular ways. [3] Sports are particularly helpful in making our body fit and slim. [4] By escalating the lung capacity and efficiency of the body, more oxygen enters the blood which is extremely beneficial [5] Furthermore, there are fewer chances of developing lung diseases due to sports.

Moreover, from the mental point of view, sports bring discipline in life. They teach the values of dedication and patience. Sports also teach people how to handle failure. Besides, they also teach people how to handle failure because of a number of difficulties of movements found in sports. The importance of following a time schedule is also present in sports, requiring people to be punctual.

Finally, sports reduce the stress of mind. People who play sports would certainly experience less depression because sports can ensure the peace of their mind. Most noteworthy, they bring happiness and joy in the life of people who play them.

Adapted from: https://www.toppr.com/
Here are the jumbled sentences from the paragraph that follows the above paragraph.
Please reorder the following sentences.
A. Sport is an aspect of human life that is of paramount importance.

B. This is because it is as important as education.

C. Everyone must perform at least one sport activity on a regular basis.

D. It certainly increases the quality of human life

E. Therefore, it must be made mandatory at schools.

The best order of the sentences above is…

Artificial Intelligence or Al is a term which simply means the machine intelligence. Lately there has been a popular debate whether Al is considered as a threat or a benefit to humans Even though portrayed as a threat on the account of the loss of jobs. Al is promising solution in disaster response and for medical applications with efficiency and high precision compared to human.

Al has proven to be a solution to natural disasters which affect different places globally The success of any humanitarian intervention depends on quality information, which is in the heart of Al system. For example, the Artificial Intelligence Disaster Response has been applied in different catastrophes. In this case, Al comes handy as a partner in helping humans prevent the aftermath of disaster. Therefore, artificial intelligence is able to solve tasks that are otherwise complicated and time-consuming for human.

Apart from disaster responses. Al also plays a critical role in field of medicine including research, training, and diagnosis of diseases. Medical Al deals with the construction of Al systems and programs that can make diagnosis and therapy recommendations easier. It is evident that Al has not only revolutionized the medical field but also promised its sustainability.

However, Al also presents the existential threat of loss of jobs. Research predicts that artificial intelligence already has and poses an existential threat to labor market. The emergence of intelligent algorithm that controls robot has led to the loss of jobs that are otherwise tiring and monotonous to humans. Even so, not all jobs in entirety will be affected. Rather, even the existence of Al in workplace would require the supports of experts, which is also another frontier of job creation. In sum, even though Al poses a threat to the labor market, it creates an avenue for employement as well.
In conclusion, amid the fear that Al is a threat, either now or in the future, it is clear that it has substantial and critical benefits for humans. Using the system that mimic human and animal intelligence is the next frontier in solving problem within society.

Adapted from https://gradecrest.com/
The author assumes that human are less…than Al.

Artificial Intelligence or Al is a term which simply means the machine intelligence. Lately there has been a popular debate whether Al is considered as a threat or a benefit to humans Even though portrayed as a threat on the account of the loss of jobs. Al is promising solution in disaster response and for medical applications with efficiency and high precision compared to human.

Al has proven to be a solution to natural disasters which affect different places globally The success of any humanitarian intervention depends on quality information, which is in the heart of Al system. For example, the Artificial Intelligence Disaster Response has been applied in different catastrophes. In this case, Al comes handy as a partner in helping humans prevent the aftermath of disaster. Therefore, artificial intelligence is able to solve tasks that are otherwise complicated and time-consuming for human.

Apart from disaster responses. Al also plays a critical role in field of medicine including research, training, and diagnosis of diseases. Medical Al deals with the construction of Al systems and programs that can make diagnosis and therapy recommendations easier. It is evident that Al has not only revolutionized the medical field but also promised its sustainability.

However, Al also presents the existential threat of loss of jobs. Research predicts that artificial intelligence already has and poses an existential threat to labor market. The emergence of intelligent algorithm that controls robot has led to the loss of jobs that are otherwise tiring and monotonous to humans. Even so, not all jobs in entirety will be affected. Rather, even the existence of Al in workplace would require the supports of experts, which is also another frontier of job creation. In sum, even though Al poses a threat to the labor market, it creates an avenue for employement as well.
In conclusion, amid the fear that Al is a threat, either now or in the future, it is clear that it has substantial and critical benefits for humans. Using the system that mimic human and animal intelligence is the next frontier in solving problem within society.

Adapted from https://gradecrest.com/
Which of the following is NOT correct according to the passage?

Artificial Intelligence or Al is a term which simply means the machine intelligence. Lately there has been a popular debate whether Al is considered as a threat or a benefit to humans Even though portrayed as a threat on the account of the loss of jobs. Al is promising solution in disaster response and for medical applications with efficiency and high precision compared to human.

Al has proven to be a solution to natural disasters which affect different places globally The success of any humanitarian intervention depends on quality information, which is in the heart of Al system. For example, the Artificial Intelligence Disaster Response has been applied in different catastrophes. In this case, Al comes handy as a partner in helping humans prevent the aftermath of disaster. Therefore, artificial intelligence is able to solve tasks that are otherwise complicated and time-consuming for human.

Apart from disaster responses. Al also plays a critical role in field of medicine including research, training, and diagnosis of diseases. Medical Al deals with the construction of Al systems and programs that can make diagnosis and therapy recommendations easier. It is evident that Al has not only revolutionized the medical field but also promised its sustainability.

However, Al also presents the existential threat of loss of jobs. Research predicts that artificial intelligence already has and poses an existential threat to labor market. The emergence of intelligent algorithm that controls robot has led to the loss of jobs that are otherwise tiring and monotonous to humans. Even so, not all jobs in entirety will be affected. Rather, even the existence of Al in workplace would require the supports of experts, which is also another frontier of job creation. In sum, even though Al poses a threat to the labor market, it creates an avenue for employement as well.
In conclusion, amid the fear that Al is a threat, either now or in the future, it is clear that it has substantial and critical benefits for humans. Using the system that mimic human and animal intelligence is the next frontier in solving problem within society.

Adapted from https://gradecrest.com/
How does the author organize the idea in paragraphs 2 and 3?